{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:23:39Z","timestamp":1783077819151,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the impact-resistance evaluation of thermoplastics, the DuPont impact test is widely used to replicate multiaxial stress states inherent in actual product environments. However, conventional evaluation methods remain constrained by probabilistic pass\/fail judgments or empirical calculations of absorbed energy. Consequently, quantifying the \u201cmaterial-specific fracture criterion,\u201d which is indispensable for high-fidelity computer-aided engineering (CAE) analysis, persists as an important challenge. While our previous works established the derivation of CES from uniaxial tensile tests, the core originality of this study lies in extending this mechanical framework to the dynamic and multiaxial stress states of the DuPont impact test. By integrating a mathematical model with the probabilistic results of the staircase method, we enable for the first time the quantitative identification of material-specific fracture thresholds directly from standard drop-weight impact configurations. For this study, a novel mechanical model for deformation and fracture behavior in the DuPont impact test is constructed. Then a quantitative evaluation method is proposed for the \u201cCritical Expansion Stress (CES),\u201d a material-specific threshold triggering fracture under multiaxial stress. Specifically, using thermoplastic materials of five types and seven grades (including PP, POM, PS, ABS, and PC), the surface impact energy absorbed per unit volume was calculated via the DuPont impact test using the staircase method, accounting for size effects. Furthermore, microscopic parameters (shear modulus G and critical void volume fraction f0) were identified theoretically based on the mechanical properties obtained from short-beam shear tests. These parameters were integrated into a mathematical model to derive the CES. Comparing the derived CES with the true-stress-based uniaxial tensile strength, which incorporates the necking behavior during large deformations, revealed a distinct correlation governed by their mechanical relation (the 1:3 rule) based on the theoretical definition of hydrostatic stress. For the highly ductile polymer exhibiting significant strain hardening, this correlation holds universally when evaluated at the initial plastic flow stage prior to massive molecular orientation. The proposed method serves as a practical quantitative screening tool for evaluating the surface impact characteristics of plastic materials, providing an accessible framework for identifying material-specific fracture thresholds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18131658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"1658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Surface Impact Properties of Thermoplastics: Mechanical Correlation Between Critical Expansion Stress and Uniaxial Tensile Strength"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Takayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akito","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2200800","article-title":"Highly Impact-Resistant Silk Fiber Thermoplastic Composites","volume":"25","author":"Mosleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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