{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:01:08Z","timestamp":1785427268528,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005322","name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02026006010375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02026006010375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005322","name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FBA-2026-2354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FBA-2026-2354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["02026006010375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02026006010375"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0468j1635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FBA-2026-2354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FBA-2026-2354"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0468j1635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lattice structures are widely utilized in lightweight engineering due to their design flexibility and tailorable mechanical properties. However, polymer lattices often exhibit limited load-bearing capacity and moderate crashworthiness under compression. This study proposes a hybrid reinforcement strategy based on the integration of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods into polymeric Kelvin-cell lattices. The specimens were manufactured via masked stereolithography, and the effects of rod placement pattern, the number of rods, and rod-length configuration were systematically investigated under quasi-static compression. Crashworthiness was evaluated in terms of force\u2013displacement response, deformation mode, and crashworthiness metrics. Compared with the empty Kelvin-cell lattice, the best-performing hybrid configuration increased energy absorption, specific energy absorption, and mean crushing force by approximately 356%, 307%, and 356%, respectively. Mechanistically, distributed rod placement promoted more uniform load sharing, while the effect of increasing rod number depended strongly on the rod-length configuration. In addition, delayed or sequential reinforcement strategies provided superior performance and an enhanced balance between energy absorption and force efficiency. Regression models and ANOVA consistently identified rod-length configuration as the dominant design variable. These findings demonstrate that CFRP rod reinforcement can effectively enhance the crashworthiness of polymeric Kelvin-cell lattices, provided that the rod placement pattern, rod number, and rod-length configuration are designed jointly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18141686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:27:23Z","timestamp":1783520843000},"page":"1686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crashworthiness Enhancement of Kelvin-Cell Lattice Structures Through CFRP Rod Reinforcement: An Experimental and Data-Driven Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7507-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Kuleyin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges","volume":"143","author":"Ngo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. 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