{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:09:07Z","timestamp":1783930147905,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wood-based composite panels are renewable and low-carbon materials, but their inherent flammability limits their broader use in applications requiring improved fire safety. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was incorporated into a melamine\u2013formaldehyde (MF) adhesive system to fabricate fire-retardant Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plywood. Two EG types with different expansion ratios, 200-fold expanded graphite (200EG) and 450-fold expanded graphite (450EG), were added to the bonding layer at 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr. The effects of EG expansion ratio and content on the physicomechanical properties, combustion behavior, char morphology, and pyrolysis gas evolution of plywood were investigated. EG had limited effects on air-dried density and moisture content, but increasing EG content reduced bonding shear strength and parallel-direction flexural properties, particularly in the 450EG series. Cone calorimeter analysis showed that EG reduced the heat release rate and total heat release by promoting the formation of an expanded carbonaceous barrier layer. Among the tested formulations, 30 phr 200EG provided the most favorable balance between mechanical performance and fire-retardant efficiency, showing a visually more continuous char coverage while maintaining acceptable bonding properties. High-temperature furnace\u2013FTIR analysis indicated that excessive EG loading or high-expansion-ratio EG increased CO2 and CO-related signals at 400\u2013700 \u00b0C, probably because of a visually looser char morphology, structural disruption during expansion, and gas release from EG intercalating agents. Although the tested panels did not fully meet the CNS Grade 3 fire-retardant requirement, the results provide a useful basis for the modification and performance optimization of halogen-free fire-retardant wood-based composite panels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18141710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:28:27Z","timestamp":1783927707000},"page":"1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanded Graphite-Modified Melamine\u2013Formaldehyde Adhesive for Fire-Retardant Japanese Cedar Plywood: Physicomechanical and Combustion Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fang-Yu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan-Ni","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Shao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyh-Horng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Experimental Forest Management Office, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Carbon sequestration and storage in the built environment","volume":"27","author":"Arehart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. 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