{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:02:04Z","timestamp":1784538124551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004226","name":"PetroChina Company Limited","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZZ47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZZ47"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs (typically referring here to temperatures \u2265 100 \u00b0C and salinities &gt; 100 g\/L) impose stringent requirements on chemical flooding and profile-control agents, particularly in terms of thermal stability, salt tolerance, injectivity, and environmental compatibility. In this study, a bio-based composite mobility-control and oil-displacement system was developed by combining carbonized corn-straw particles with the biopolymer scleroglucan. Corn-straw biomass particles were prepared by pyrolysis at 500 \u00b0C followed by ball milling for 2 h. Their particle-size distribution, elemental composition, and suspension stability were characterized, and the rheological behavior, thermal and salt tolerance, long-term aging stability, injectivity, plugging performance, and enhanced-oil-recovery efficiency of the composite system were evaluated systematically. The average particle size decreased from 25.6 \u03bcm for mechanically ground straw to 2.8 \u03bcm after carbonization and ball milling. The H\/C atomic ratio of the carbonized particles was 0.31, indicating enhanced aromatization and structural stability. A scleroglucan concentration of 1000 ppm provided a suspension rate of 97%, balancing suspension stability and chemical dosage. The composite system maintained stable viscosity and viscoelasticity from 30 to 130 \u00b0C in deionized water, saturated NaCl solution, and saturated CaCl2 solution, with viscosity loss below 10%. After sealed anaerobic aging at 100 \u00b0C for 28 days, the viscosity retention remained above 90%. Sand-pack tests showed stable injectivity in media with permeabilities of 1235 and 2064 mD and a plugging efficiency of 95.7% in a 2846 mD model. In oil-displacement experiments, the composite system increased the final recovery factor from 46.6% for scleroglucan flooding alone to 53.3%, corresponding to an additional 6.7 percentage points. These results demonstrate that the carbonized biomass particle-scleroglucan system has promising thermal stability, salt tolerance, plugging capacity, and oil-displacement performance, providing a potential green strategy for mobility control in harsh reservoir environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18141768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:54:13Z","timestamp":1784534053000},"page":"1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Performance Evaluation of a Temperature- and Salt-Resistant Bio-Based Profile-Control and Oil Displacement System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoshan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, China"},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2118\/147306-PA","article-title":"Wettability Alteration in High-Temperature and High-Salinity Carbonate Reservoirs","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petsci.2022.05.003","article-title":"A novel polymer gel with high-temperature and high-salinity resistance for conformance control in carbonate reservoirs","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet. 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