{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:18:48Z","timestamp":1785403128095,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["RS-2023-00237493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00237493"]}]},{"award":["RS-2023-00237493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00237493"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p262204","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00424600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00424600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00433255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00424600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00424600"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008nkqk13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00433255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433255"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008nkqk13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin tissue engineering has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for severe wounds and inflammatory skin diseases. Stem cell-derived exosomes (SC-Exos) have recently gained increasing attention as cell-free therapeutic agents with regenerative and immunomodulatory potential, offering possible advantages over direct stem cell transplantation. To fully realize their therapeutic potential, however, efficient delivery platforms are needed to enhance local retention, preserve vesicle integrity, and support sustained release within the diseased skin microenvironment. In this review, we discuss advanced polymeric biomaterials as functional delivery platforms for SC-Exos in skin tissue engineering. We focus on natural and synthetic polymers engineered into nanofibrous scaffolds, hydrogels, and microneedles, and examine how these systems enhance exosome loading, protect vesicle integrity, improve local retention, and modulate release kinetics. We further highlight the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of polymer\u2013exosome systems in skin lesion repair, focusing on their roles in promoting angiogenesis, modulating local inflammation and immune responses, and facilitating extracellular matrix remodeling. Finally, we address remaining challenges and future directions for translating polymer-based SC-Exos delivery platforms into clinically relevant skin regenerative therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18141781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1784647072000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polymeric Biomaterials for the Delivery of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Engineering Strategies and Synergistic Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6024-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myungkyung","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hyun","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nanomedical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Kyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nanomedical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gun-Jae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nanomedical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14673","article-title":"Immune response patterns in non-communicable inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"32","author":"Eyerich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C.R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B., and Rajendram, R. (2025). Skin Disorders and Quality of Life: An Overview. Handbook of the Behavior and Psychology of Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73363-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderton, D.L., Ackley, C., and Trueba, M.L. (2024). The psychosocial impacts of skin-neglected tropical diseases (SNTDs) as perceived by the affected persons: A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012391"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18265","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of topical treatments in atopic dermatitis: Unexpectedly low use of emollients and strong correlation of topical corticosteroid use both with depression and concurrent asthma","volume":"182","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05549-2","article-title":"Calcineurin Inhibitors: Current Role, Toxicity Management, and Future Frontiers in Immunosuppression","volume":"63","author":"Mistry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2026.2682188","article-title":"Drug therapies and immune pathways in ocular manifestations of inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidiyala, N., Sunkishala, P., Parupathi, P.R., and Nyavanandi, D. (2026). Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Mechanisms. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15100872"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arun, M., Rajasingh, S., Madasamy, P., and Rajasingh, J. (2025). Immunomodulatory and regenerative functions of MSC-derived exosomes in bone repair. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.2243.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2026.2620707","article-title":"The Role of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Immune Modulation and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"34","author":"Pandey","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16776","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16776","article-title":"Efficacy of rose stem cell-derived exosomes (RSCEs) in skin treatment: From healing to hyperpigmentation management: Case series and review","volume":"24","author":"Majewska","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.09.056","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells stimulates rejuvenation of human skin","volume":"493","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00695-5","article-title":"Exosomes and exosome-mimetics for atopic dermatitis therapy","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10857","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S527137","article-title":"Stem cell-derived exosomes: A comprehensive review of biomedical applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70016","DOI":"10.1002\/mef2.70016","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm\u2013Future Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00629-1","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mouse breast carcinoma cells facilitate diabetic wound healing","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazar, M., Zhang, A.D., and Vashi, N.A. (2024). Topical Treatments in Atopic Dermatitis: An Expansive Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082185"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.029","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis in adults with topical therapies","volume":"89","author":"Sidbury","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.108445","article-title":"Treatments in psoriasis: From standard pharmacotherapy to nanotechnology therapy","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.08.102","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis in adults with phototherapy and systemic therapies","volume":"90","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.11.057","article-title":"Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics","volume":"80","author":"Menter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara, F., Verduci, C., Laconi, E., Mangione, A., Dondi, C., Del Vecchio, M., Carlevatti, V., Zovi, A., Capuozzo, M., and Langella, R. (2024). Therapeutic Advances in Psoriasis: From Biologics to Emerging Oral Small Molecules. Antibodies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13030076"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.06.004","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of biologics and systemic immunomodulatory treatments for chronic urticaria: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00920-4","article-title":"Emerging Systemic Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.04.042","article-title":"Joint American Academy of Dermatology-National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with phototherapy","volume":"81","author":"Elmets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107784","article-title":"A deep dive into UV-based phototherapy: Mechanisms of action and emerging molecular targets in inflammation and cancer","volume":"222","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.07.053","article-title":"Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy and 308-nm excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo: A review","volume":"60","author":"Nicolaidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgia, F., Li Pomi, F., Vaccaro, M., Alessandrello, C., Papa, V., and Gangemi, S. (2022). Oxidative stress and phototherapy in atopic dermatitis: Mechanisms, role, and future perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121904"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000477353","article-title":"A Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma: History, Biology, Mechanism of Action, and Classification","volume":"4","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852898","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3852898","article-title":"Variability in Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparations Used in Regenerative Medicine: A Comparative Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Tey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, T.H., Kim, H.S., Choi, S.W., and Kang, K.S. (2017). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Clinical Potential and Mode of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020244"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2017.29.6.667","article-title":"Current and Future Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy in Dermatology","volume":"29","author":"Prodinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.05.012","article-title":"Assessing the safety of stem cell therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Goldring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero-Vilchez, T., Sierra-Sanchez, A., Sanchez-Diaz, M., Quinones-Vico, M.I., Sanabria-de-la-Torre, R., Martinez-Lopez, A., and Arias-Santiago, S. (2021). Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Conditioned Medium for Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.654210"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouaib, B., Haack-Sorensen, M., Chaubron, F., Cuisinier, F., and Collart-Dutilleul, P.Y. (2023). Towards the Standardization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome-Derived Product Manufacturing for Tissue Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612594"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Shen, Y., Lu, H., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, T., Liu, B., and Yao, L. (2024). Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in skin wound healing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1428793"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: Roles, opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.07.167","article-title":"Role of Exosomes in Dermal Wound Healing: A Systematic Review","volume":"142","author":"Prasai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Thery","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01331-9","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Time for tailored therapy","volume":"400","author":"Mennini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatano, Y., and Elias, P.M. (2023). \u201cOutside-to-inside,\u201d \u201cinside-to-outside,\u201d and \u201cintrinsic\u201d endogenous pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: Keratinocytes as the key functional cells involved in both permeability barrier dysfunction and immunological alterations. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1239251"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2016.0200","article-title":"Biochemical and biophysical cues in matrix design for chronic and diabetic wound treatment","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26316","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting","volume":"4","author":"Wiklander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.02.006","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery","volume":"106","author":"Vader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01810-5","article-title":"Hand eczema","volume":"404","author":"Weidinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy015","article-title":"Multipolarity of cytokine axes in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in terms of age, race, species, disease stage and biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Nomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani, A.A., Alhamlan, F.S., and Al-Qahtani, A.A. (2024). Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins in infectious diseases: A comprehensive review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9010013"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0041-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: New developments","volume":"9","author":"Bieber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00313-3","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Diagnosis, molecular pathogenesis, and therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14433","article-title":"The role of IL-23 and the IL-23\/TH 17 immune axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Girolomoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00681-x","article-title":"Enhancing skin regeneration efficacy of human dermal fibroblasts using carboxymethyl cellulose-coated biodegradable polymer","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12365.x","article-title":"pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity\/cohesion","volume":"121","author":"Hachem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1531","article-title":"Skin pH: From basic science to basic skin care","volume":"93","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000029923","article-title":"Biophysical characteristics of healthy skin and nonlesional skin in atopic dermatitis: Short-term effects of ultraviolet A and B irradiation","volume":"13","author":"Habig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-932.x","article-title":"Patterns of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 expression in chronic and normally healing human cutaneous wounds","volume":"135","author":"Vaalamo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3815","article-title":"Ontogeny and function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayambashi, P., Iyer, J., Pillai, S., Upadhyay, A., Zhang, Y., and Tran, S.D. (2021). Hydrogel encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes for tissue engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020684"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Sun, J., Zhu, B., Duan, C., Chen, P., Guo, X., Zhang, T., and Guo, H. (2020). A new self-healing hydrogel containing hucMSC-derived exosomes promotes bone regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.564731"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-023-00433-3","article-title":"Exosome-bearing hydrogels and cardiac tissue regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Amini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c01636","article-title":"Controlled release of exosomes using atom transfer radical polymerization-based hydrogels","volume":"23","author":"Yerneni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174990","article-title":"Isolation-to-delivery hydrogel enables efficient isolation and sustained release of exosomes to enhance wound healing","volume":"535","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100840","article-title":"A novel adhesive dual-sensitive hydrogel for sustained release of exosomes derived from M2 macrophages promotes repair of bone defects","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409886","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202409886","article-title":"Material-mediated immunotherapy to regulate bone aging and promote bone repair","volume":"21","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thang, N.H., Chien, T.B., and Cuong, D.X. (2023). Polymer-based hydrogels applied in drug delivery: An overview. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070523"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304287","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304287","article-title":"Versatile mechanically tunable hydrogels for therapeutic delivery applications","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022014","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/adc03a","article-title":"3D bioprinting technology for modeling vascular diseases and its application","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406950","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202406950","article-title":"Recent progress in biomedical scaffold fabricated via electrospinning: Design, fabrication and tissue engineering application","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.10.018","article-title":"Naturally derived materials-based cell and drug delivery systems in skin regeneration","volume":"142","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elango, J., Zamora-Ledezma, C., and Mat\u00e9-S\u00e1nchez de Val, J.E. (2023). Natural vs synthetic polymers: How do they communicate with cells for skin regeneration\u2014A review. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7090385"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfisterer, K., Shaw, L.E., Symmank, D., and Weninger, W. (2021). The extracellular matrix in skin inflammation and infection. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.682414"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-025-00712-1","article-title":"Polynucleotide and hyaluronic acid mixture for skin wound dressing for accelerated wound healing","volume":"22","author":"Heo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heo, T.-H., Jang, H.-J., Jeong, G.-J., and Yoon, J.-K. (2025). Hydrogel-based nitric oxide delivery systems for enhanced wound healing. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080621"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olteanu, G., Neac\u0219u, S.M., Joi\u021ba, F.A., Musuc, A.M., Lupu, E.C., Ioni\u021b\u0103-M\u00eendrican, C.-B., Lupuliasa, D., and Mititelu, M. (2024). Advancements in regenerative hydrogels in skin wound treatment: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073849"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.02.007","article-title":"Intrinsic aging-and photoaging-dependent level changes of glycosaminoglycans and their correlation with water content in human skin","volume":"62","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"460","article-title":"Multifunctional hydrogel enhances bone regeneration through sustained release of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1\u03b1 and exosomes","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"137","article-title":"Exosomes loaded a smart bilayer-hydrogel scaffold with ROS-scavenging and macrophage-reprogramming properties for repairing cartilage defect","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104229","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202104229","article-title":"All-in-one: Multifunctional hydrogel accelerates oxidative diabetic wound healing through timed-release of exosome and fibroblast growth factor","volume":"18","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871218","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/871218","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications","volume":"2015","author":"Borzacchiello","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellacani, G., Michelini, S., Trovato, F., Rallo, A., Gemma, G., Chello, C., Pavan, M., Guarise, C., and Passi, A.G. (2025). Sulfated Hyaluronan in Dermatology: What\u2019s New? Overview of Evidence in Specific Dermatological Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121600"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02202-9","article-title":"Stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles embedded into methacrylated hyaluronic acid wound dressings accelerate wound repair in a pressure model of diabetic ulcer","volume":"21","author":"Ferroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.213000","article-title":"Exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells delivered from methacrylated hyaluronic acid patch improve the regenerative properties of endothelial and dermal cells","volume":"139","author":"Ferroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113985","article-title":"MSC-derived exosomes injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel for enhanced chronic wound healing","volume":"385","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128534","article-title":"A carboxymethyl chitosan\/oxidized hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel dressing loading with stem cell exosome for chronic inflammation wounds healing","volume":"257","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01039","article-title":"Chitosan hydrogel dressing loaded with adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promotes skin full-thickness wound repair","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Q., Qian, Z., Liu, D., Sun, J., Wang, X., Liu, H., Xu, J., and Guo, X. (2017). GMSC-derived exosomes combined with a chitosan\/silk hydrogel sponge accelerates wound healing in a diabetic rat skin defect model. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00904"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review","volume":"144","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2026.03.013","article-title":"Digital light processing-printed nanozyme-integrated hydrogels enable spatiotemporal immunomodulation and repair of infected wounds","volume":"214","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0275","article-title":"Chitosan Wound Dressings Incorporating Exosomes Derived from MicroRNA-126-Overexpressing Synovium Mesenchymal Stem Cells Provide Sustained Release of Exosomes and Heal Full-Thickness Skin Defects in a Diabetic Rat Model","volume":"6","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.04.020","article-title":"A temperature-sensitive chitosan hydrogels loaded with nano-zinc oxide and exosomes from human umbilical vein endothelial cells accelerates wound healing","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152933","article-title":"Injectable exosome-loaded quaternized chitosan\/oxidized sodium alginate hydrogel with self-healing, bioadhesive, and antibacterial properties for treating combined radiation-wound injury","volume":"494","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130843","article-title":"Recombinant human collagen I\/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel loaded with long-term released hUCMSCs derived exosomes promotes skin wound repair","volume":"265","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1912210","article-title":"Exosome loaded genipin crosslinked hydrogel facilitates full thickness cutaneous wound healing in rat animal model","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303674","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303674","article-title":"Incorporation of decidual stromal cells derived exosomes in sodium alginate hydrogel as an innovative therapeutic strategy for advancing endometrial regeneration and reinstating fertility","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36835","article-title":"Exosome loaded alginate hydrogel promotes tissue regeneration in full-thickness skin wounds: An in vivo study","volume":"108","author":"Shafei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125081","article-title":"Sprayable alginate hydrogel dressings with oxygen production and exosome loading for the treatment of diabetic wounds","volume":"242","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111671","article-title":"Preparation of exosomes encapsulated nanohydrogel for accelerating wound healing of diabetic rats by promoting angiogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10030","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c07291","article-title":"GelMA Hydrogel Loaded with Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Promoting Cutaneous Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S520913","article-title":"Exosome-Loaded GelMA Hydrogel as a Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy for Hypertrophic Scar Inhibition","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2025.107668","article-title":"ADSC-derived exosome-loaded in-situ photocrosslinkable GelMA hydrogels as a treatment strategy for wound healing","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-020-09877-6","article-title":"GelMA combined with sustained release of HUVECs derived exosomes for promoting cutaneous wound healing and facilitating skin regeneration","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.103288","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-embedded alginate hydrogel patch for accelerated wound healing","volume":"38","author":"Jang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123098","article-title":"Sprayable, antimicrobial and immunoregulation hydrogel loading exosomes based on oxidized sodium alginate for efficient wound healing at skin graft donor sites and health detection","volume":"351","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03319-9","article-title":"Recombinant human collagen hydrogels with different stem cell-derived exosomes encapsulation for wound treatment","volume":"23","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2020.1818880","article-title":"Type I collagen hydrogels as a delivery matrix for royal jelly derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"27","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1039\/D6BM00274A","article-title":"Hydrogel\u2013exosome synergistic system: Mechanisms, applications and future prospects in regenerative medicine","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM01823D","article-title":"pH-responsive polydopamine-shelled 3D-printed chitosan\/collagen hydrogel integrating exosomes and an enzyme\/peptide cascade for diabetic wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Guan, Q., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Yin, Y., and Han, X. (2022). Hydrogels for exosome delivery in biomedical applications. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8060328"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riau, A.K., Ong, H.S., Yam, G.H., and Mehta, J.S. (2019). Sustained delivery system for stem cell-derived exosomes. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01368"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Fang, Y., Zhang, Z., Cao, Y., Yan, Y., Gan, L., Xu, J., and Zhou, G. (2023). Recent advances in biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used in skin wound healing. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155459"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-022-00446-4","article-title":"Nanomaterial for skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Ren, J., Hu, J., and Wei, H. (2025). Polyethylene glycol-polyester based temperature-sensitive hydrogel delivering mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes enhances acute skin wound healing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1730631"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200060","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200060","article-title":"Sustained Exosome-Guided Macrophage Polarization Using Hydrolytically Degradable PEG Hydrogels for Cutaneous Wound Healing: Identification of Key Proteins and MiRNAs, and Sustained Release Formulation","volume":"18","author":"Kwak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuta, T., Ikeda-Imafuku, M., Kodama, S., Kuse, J., Matsui, K., and Iwao, Y. (2023). One-step pharmaceutical preparation of PEG-modified exosomes encapsulating anti-cancer drugs by a high-pressure homogenization technique. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010108"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100365","article-title":"ADSC-exo@MMP-PEG smart hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by optimizing cellular functions and relieving oxidative stress","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142271","article-title":"Accelerated healing of full-thickness skin wounds by multifunctional exosome-loaded scaffolds of alginate hydrogel\/PCL nanofibers with hemostatic efficacy","volume":"307","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"100055","article-title":"Bioactive engineered scaffolds based on PCL-PEG-PCL and tumor cell-derived exosomes to minimize the foreign body reaction","volume":"7","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25171","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c11741","article-title":"Dental Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome-Loaded Three-Dimensional Electrospun Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)\/Gelatin Scaffold Accelerates Diabetic Foot Wound Healing","volume":"11","author":"Genc","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04624-8","article-title":"Novel pharmaco-exosomal immunotherapy for united airway diseases: PLGA-encapsulated, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes with PPAR-\u03b3 agonist for allergic rhinitis and asthma","volume":"16","author":"Shahzad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00762B","article-title":"Local transplantation of GMSC-derived exosomes to promote vascularized diabetic wound healing by regulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8740","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR01314A","article-title":"Cell-free exosome-laden scaffolds for tissue repair","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234116","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4234116","article-title":"The study of exosomes-encapsulated mPEG-PLGA polymer drug-loaded particles for targeted therapy of liver cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01112-3","article-title":"Exosome-loaded degradable polymeric microcapsules for the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015038","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ada23f","article-title":"Encapsulation of AD-MSC-derived extracellular nanovesicles in an electrospun three-layer scaffold: Characterization and controlled release analysis in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501081","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501081","article-title":"Smart materials and devices for enhanced delivery of extracellular vesicles","volume":"37","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.97317","article-title":"Multifunctional hydrogel-based engineered extracellular vesicles delivery for complicated wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajendran, R.L., Onkar, A., Batabyal, R., Jha, S.K., Mahajan, A.A., Koley, M., Banerjee, S., Saha, M., Ghosh, S., and Dey, A. (2026). Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and artificial nanovesicles: A translational framework for cell-free wound repair. npj Regen. Med.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-026-00484-9"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300387","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300387","article-title":"Biomaterial-Facilitated Local Delivery of Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: Perspectives in Surgical Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Man, K., Brunet, M.Y., Jones, M.-C., and Cox, S.C. (2020). Engineered extracellular vesicles: Tailored-made nanomaterials for medical applications. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091838"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107080","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v17.i7.107080","article-title":"Engineering the future of nanomedicine: Strategic approaches to extracellular vesicle-based drug administration regimens","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01605E","article-title":"Neural tissue engineering: The influence of scaffold surface topography and extracellular matrix microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47696-5","article-title":"Exosome-coated oxygen nanobubble-laden hydrogel augments intracellular delivery of exosomes for enhanced wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102159","article-title":"A sprayable exosome-loaded hydrogel with controlled release and multifunctional synergistic effects for diabetic wound healing","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2406434","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406434","article-title":"In Situ Triggered Self-Contraction Bioactive Microgel Assembly Accelerates Diabetic Skin Wound Healing by Activating Mechanotransduction and Biochemical Pathway","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032024","DOI":"10.25259\/AJC_103_2024","article-title":"Phosphate-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel laden with umbilical cord blood exosomes and nanosilver accelerates diabetic and infectious wound healing","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2022.37","article-title":"Towards extracellular vesicle delivery systems for tissue regeneration: Material design at the molecular level","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0391","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0391","article-title":"Light Curable Methacrylated Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel Incorporating Bone Morphogenic Protein-2\u2013Immobilized Bioactive Glass for Spinal Bone Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Ha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.12.103","article-title":"Electrospun hybrid nanofibers doped with nanoparticles or nanotubes for biomedical applications","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.109","article-title":"Fabrication and in vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite\/carbon nanotube electrospun fibers for biomedical\/dental application","volume":"80","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad3cab","article-title":"Spinning with exosomes: Electrospun nanofibers for efficient targeting of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Raj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8609","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.113474","article-title":"Synergistic integration of extracellular vesicles and metal-organic frameworks: Unlocking new opportunities in disease diagnosis and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Kumarasamy, R.V., Pei, J., Raju, K., Kanniappan, G.V., Palanisamy, C.P., and Mironescu, I.D. (2025). Integrating engineered nanomaterials with extracellular vesicles: Advancing targeted drug delivery and biomedical applications. Front. Nanotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1513683"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102889","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-integrated core-shell nanofibers synergize multi-target healing mechanisms for accelerated repair of large-volume skin defects","volume":"37","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbac071","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac071","article-title":"Phospholipid-grafted PLLA electrospun micro\/nanofibers immobilized with small extracellular vesicles from rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1504","article-title":"Transdermal drug delivery","volume":"26","author":"Prausnitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1304","article-title":"Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Prausnitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01853-7","article-title":"A hierarchical short microneedle-cupping dual-amplified patch enables accelerated, uniform, pain-free transdermal delivery of extracellular vesicles","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8065","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01249E","article-title":"Microneedle-mediated transdermal nanodelivery systems: A review","volume":"9","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8041","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302639r","article-title":"Releasable layer-by-layer assembly of stabilized lipid nanocapsules on microneedles for enhanced transcutaneous vaccine delivery","volume":"6","author":"DeMuth","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102076","article-title":"Multifunctional MOF microneedle patch with adsorbed exosomes for enhanced diabetic wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025402","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/adcbc6","article-title":"Breathable core\u2013shell microneedle patches for diabetic wound treatment","volume":"4","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Futures"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics7030090","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of drugs with microneedles\u2014Potential and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Ita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-017-2223-2","article-title":"Dissolving Microneedle Patches for Dermal Vaccination: Leone, M\u00f6nk\u00e4re, Bouwstra and Kersten","volume":"34","author":"Leone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20065","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00423","article-title":"Engineered mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes-loaded microneedles improve corneal healing after chemical injury","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601425","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S601425","article-title":"A Nanomedicine Strategy: Spatiotemporally Programmed Delivery of Engineered Exosomes via Smart Scaffolds for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03108","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202503108","article-title":"Single-Doped W18O49-x@ Au-Embedded Dual-Network Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for NIR-Responsive Phototherapeutic Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, C.M., Harris, M., Choi, L., Murali, V.P., Guerra, F.D., and Jennings, J.A. (2019). Stimuli-responsive drug release from smart polymers. J. Funct. Biomater., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb10030034"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12557","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and wound healing: The functional role of ROS and emerging ROS-modulating technologies for augmentation of the healing process","volume":"14","author":"Dunnill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-006-0713-x","article-title":"Influence of pH on wound-healing: A new perspective for wound-therapy?","volume":"298","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, K., Liao, M., Wang, Y., and Lu, J.R. (2025). Advances in composite stimuli-responsive hydrogels for wound healing: Mechanisms and applications. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11060420"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e688","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.688","article-title":"Endogenous\/exogenous stimuli-responsive smart hydrogels for diabetic wound healing","volume":"6","author":"Khattak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01657B","article-title":"Stimulus-responsive hydrogels for diabetic wound management via microenvironment modulation","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10279","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03656","article-title":"Efficient angiogenesis-based diabetic wound healing\/skin reconstruction through bioactive antibacterial adhesive ultraviolet shielding nanodressing with exosome release","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY01872F","article-title":"pH-Responsive polymers","volume":"8","author":"Kocak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20230403","article-title":"pH-responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities","volume":"61","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5230","article-title":"pH-sensitive polymers: Classification and some fine potential applications","volume":"32","author":"Ofridam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/4\/2\/022001","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Bawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.09.020","article-title":"Thermo-and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery","volume":"58","author":"Schmaljohann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410590","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410590","article-title":"Injectable pH Responsive Conductive Hydrogel for Intelligent Delivery of Metformin and Exosomes to Enhance Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0817-4","article-title":"pH-responsive high stability polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"Palanikumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair","volume":"58","author":"Werner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700340","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease","volume":"126","author":"Bickers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano Sanchez, M., Lancel, S., Boulanger, E., and Neviere, R. (2018). Targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of impaired wound healing: A systematic review. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7080098"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.03.001","article-title":"Macrophage-targeted therapeutics for metabolic disease","volume":"39","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600124","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600124","article-title":"Reactive-oxygen-species-responsive drug delivery systems: Promises and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.302","article-title":"Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes in living mice","volume":"9","author":"Pu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120286","article-title":"ROS-scavenging hydrogel to promote healing of bacteria infected diabetic wounds","volume":"258","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Hu, X., Jiang, P., and Qi, Z. (2023). Thermos-responsive hydrogel system encapsulated engineered exosomes attenuate inflammation and oxidative damage in acute spinal cord injury. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1216878"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104586","article-title":"An emerging MSC-exosome delivery strategy: Injectable temperature-sensitive hydrogels encapsulate exosomes for enhanced therapeutic efficacy","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138712","article-title":"Exosome laden sprayable thermo-sensitive polysaccharide-based hydrogel for enhanced burn wound healing","volume":"290","author":"Vipin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02980-3","article-title":"Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes encapsulated in pluronic F127 hydrogel promote wound healing and regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22106","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09220","article-title":"Development of an antiswelling hydrogel system incorporating M2-exosomes and photothermal effect for diabetic wound healing","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71694","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71694","article-title":"Exosome-Enhanced Injectable Hydrogels: A Comprehensive Review on Their Emerging Role in Wound Healing","volume":"9","author":"Astaneh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800149","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800149","article-title":"Exosomes in inflammation and inflammatory disease","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo4616","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4616","article-title":"Knockdown of deleterious miRNA in progenitor cell\u2013derived small extracellular vesicles enhances tissue repair in myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, L., Maqsood, M., Zhu, M., Zhou, Y., Kang, M., Zhou, J., and Chen, J. (2022). Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate diabetic wound healing via promoting M2 macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810421"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, R., Katagiri, W., Endo, S., and Kobayashi, T. (2019). Exosomes from conditioned media of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote bone regeneration by enhancing angiogenesis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225472"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17689","article-title":"Exosomes for angiogenesis induction in ischemic disorders","volume":"27","author":"Rezaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-09992-7","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate cutaneous wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis through delivering angiopoietin-2","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00700-x","article-title":"Innovations in vascular repair from mechanical intervention to regenerative therapies","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04863-9","article-title":"Engineering chitosan fibers with MSC-exosome cargo: A clinically translatable multifunctional dressing for regenerative therapy in infected wound management","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03603-8","article-title":"Enhancing exosome stability and delivery with natural polymers to prevent intrauterine adhesions and promote endometrial regeneration: A review","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/14\/1781\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:20:44Z","timestamp":1784780444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/14\/1781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18141781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18141781","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}}}