{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:02:00Z","timestamp":1785438120558,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007613","name":"Ankara University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FYL-2023-3031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYL-2023-3031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FYL-2023-3031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYL-2023-3031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wntqw50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of heart failure owing to the limited regenerative capacity of adult cardiac tissue, underscoring the need for biomimetic therapeutic platforms that combine structural support with biological functionality. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a multifunctional electrospun cardiac patch by integrating decellularized neonatal porcine myocardial extracellular matrix (dECM), gelatin, and microbiota-derived postbiotics for cardiac tissue engineering. The fabricated patches were comprehensively characterized in terms of their morphology, mechanical properties, biodegradation behavior, antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro biocompatibility. Postbiotics derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EIR\/IF-1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, strong antioxidant capacity, and significant anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators and upregulation of IL-10 expression. Moreover, they protected H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from oxidative stress, promoted COL1A1 expression, and supported ECM remodeling. The fabricated electrospun cardiac patches exhibited a homogeneous nanofibrous architecture, mechanically suitable properties (Young\u2019s modulus ~4 MPa), controlled biodegradation over 7 days, favorable cell viability, and maintained the biological functionality of the incorporated postbiotics. Overall, the synergistic integration of tissue-specific dECM and microbiota-derived postbiotics yielded a multifunctional biohybrid cardiac patch with favorable structural and biological properties, supporting its potential as a promising platform for myocardial regeneration and next-generation cardiac tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18141789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1784717308000},"page":"1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Cardiac Patches Functionalized with Microbiota-Derived Postbiotics and Decellularized Neonatal Porcine Myocardial Extracellular Matrix for Cardiac Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Buket","family":"Celik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06070 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okan Ali","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Breeding and Research Center, G\u00fclhane Health Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berk Alp","family":"Goksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Breeding and Research Center, G\u00fclhane Health Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Faz\u0131l Tolga","family":"Soyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Losante Hospital, 06830 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadime","family":"Kiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-026-02355-7","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular disease: What should be expected in the next 25 years?","volume":"28","author":"Naeem","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70116","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70116","article-title":"Recent advances in cardiac tissue engineering: Innovations and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Barakat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067097","article-title":"Advanced cardiac patches for the treatment of myocardial infarction","volume":"149","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-025-06923-1","article-title":"Advancing cardiac patch viability and functionality: Innovations in scaffold design and cellular optimization","volume":"36","author":"Eliwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., and Cheng, K. (2020). Recent development in therapeutic cardiac patches. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.610364"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juarez-Navarro, K.J., Guarino, V., and Alvarez-Perez, M.A. (2025). Converging electrospinning and 3D-printing technologies: From innovative design for tissue engineering to global patent trends and technology transfer. Fibers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib13060083"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad004","article-title":"Cardiac muscle patches containing four types of cardiac cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells improve recovery from cardiac injury in mice","volume":"119","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00659","article-title":"Biological cardiac patch based on extracellular vesicles and extracellular matrix for regulating injury-related microenvironment and promoting cardiac tissue recovery","volume":"5","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0157-y","article-title":"Sustained miRNA delivery from an injectable hydrogel promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and functional regeneration after ischaemic injury","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010024","article-title":"From production to the clinic: Decellularized extracellular matrix as a biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"15","article-title":"Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03928","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202503928","article-title":"Coaxially electrospun myocardial dECM- based nanofibrous scaffolds demonstrate enhanced cardiomyocyte biocompatibility","volume":"15","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801217","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801217","article-title":"Decellularized extracellular matrix materials for cardiac repair and regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Bejleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"CJMI000665","article-title":"Gut-heart axis: Microbiome and cardiac stem cell interplay in cardiovascular regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cohesive J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e326978","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.326978","article-title":"Gut-heart axis in myocardial repair: Mechanisms, cross-organ networks, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70024","article-title":"Microbiota in gut-heart axis: Metabolites and mechanisms in cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Kondapalli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70205","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.70205","article-title":"Postbiotics in functional foods: Microbial derivatives shaping health, immunity and next-generation nutrition","volume":"7","author":"Mafe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yuan, C., He, J., Li, W., and Liao, C. (2025). Current research status and trends in the bioactivity of postbiotics. Front. Food Sci. Technol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/frfst.2025.1692683"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdybel, K., \u015aliwka, A., Polak-Berecka, M., Polak, P., and Wa\u015bko, A. (2025). Postbiotics formulation and therapeutic effect in inflammation: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132187"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28955-x","article-title":"Probiotics intervention reduces oxidative stress-driven myocardial injury","volume":"16","author":"Hamzeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06341-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and regenerative effects of microbiota-derived postbiotics in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"29","author":"Demirhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maftei, N.M., Ambrose, L., Dogaru, E., R\u0103ileanu, R., Mierlan, O.L., Amari\u021bei, O., Ramos-Villarroel, A., R\u0103u\u021b\u0103 Verga, G.I., Gur\u0103u, T.V., and Gur\u0103u, G. (2026). From probiotics to postbiotics\u2014An update on their biotherapeutic potential and the emerging strategies in human health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052218"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.101506","article-title":"Preparation of postbiotic-electrospinning antimicrobial film and its preservative effect on Taihe silkies","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c07130","article-title":"Hybrid electrospun fibers for rapid delivery of Lactobacillus paragasseri K7 and lactoferrin as live biotherapeutics and postbiotics","volume":"11","author":"Fratnik","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"135","article-title":"Production of active electrospun nanofibers based on kefiran containing postbiotics derived from kefir microflora and silver nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Sheykhpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105635","article-title":"Lactosporin loaded electrospun nanofibrous membrane: Novel antibacterial and wound dressing patch","volume":"96","author":"Ekrami","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golpek Aymelek, S., Sezgin, B., Ceylan, A., and Kiran, F. (2025). Fabrication of next-generation skin scaffolds: Integrating human dermal extracellular matrix and microbiota-derived postbiotics via 3D bioprinting. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192647"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres14030098","article-title":"Postbiotics of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EIR\/IF-1 strain show antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms with pH adaptation Capability","volume":"14","author":"Karaca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105390","article-title":"The role of microbiota-derived postbiotic mediators on biofilm formation and quorum sensing-mediated virulence of Streptococcus mutans: A perspective on preventing dental caries","volume":"164","author":"OmerOglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.062","article-title":"Decellularized neonatal cardiac extracellular matrix prevents widespread ventricular remodeling in adult mammals after myocardial infarction","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.037","article-title":"Young developmental age cardiac extracellular matrix promotes the expansion of neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2004.174.179","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from Burkina Faso fermented milk","volume":"3","author":"Savadogo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01893.x","article-title":"Purification, characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of a bacteriocin produced by Pediococcus acidilactici","volume":"65","author":"Bhunia","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESCMID (2003). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 9, 9\u201315.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00790.x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagent","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","article-title":"The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals","volume":"64","author":"Jia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2022.63.3.220","article-title":"Luteolin protects cardiomyocyte cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammatory damage by modulating Nlrp3","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"802784","article-title":"BNC protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from H2O2-induced oxidative injury through ERK1\/2 signaling pathway","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00314C","article-title":"Decellularized xenogenic cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds for the reconstruction of osteochondral defects in rabbits","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliwa, A., Abbas, M.K., Al-Ejji, M., Zadeh, K., and Aboujassoum, H. (2026). Synthetic-polymer-based cardiac patches for MI-induced heart failure treatment: A review. Biomolecules, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16040580"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-025-01472-8","article-title":"Effects of cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel as a functional myocardial patch on the growth of cardiomyocytes","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23893","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b06453","article-title":"In vivo assessment of decellularized porcine myocardial slice as an acellular cardiac patch","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057","article-title":"An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes","volume":"32","author":"Crapo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernava, G., Boaron, M., Abdalvand, G., Marchesan, M., Tona, F., Civieri, G., Bondani, I., Bacchiega, G., and Iop, L. (2026). A new cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogel. From its development with a standardized myocardial decellularization procedure to in vitro model applications. Gels, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12020115"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Feng, T., Xie, Y., Swamiappan, S., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, H., and Peng, X. (2025). Recent advances in the development and application of cell-loaded collagen scaffolds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094009"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10888-7","article-title":"Post-myocardial infarction cardiac remodeling: Multidimensional mechanisms and clinical prospects of stem cell therapy","volume":"21","author":"Yong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70137","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70137","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of postbiotic from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BGP1 against multidrug-resistant skin wound pathogens","volume":"14","author":"Mohammadhosseinzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Almeida, R.E., Grillo-Puertas, M., Robles, L.R., Hebert, E.M., Rapisarda, V.A., and Villegas, J.M. (2026). Postbiotics from lactic acid bacteria as promising alternatives against urinary tract pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741001"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02149-4","article-title":"An examination of the LPS-TLR4 immune response through the analysis of molecular structures and protein\u2013protein interactions","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579093","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S579093","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction: Focusing on regulatory networks of T cell responses","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06145-11","article-title":"Secreted factors from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis inhibit NF-\u03baB-mediated IL-8 gene expression in Caco-2 cells","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70034","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70034","article-title":"The analysis and comparison of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics of postbiotic and paraprobiotic derived from novel native probiotic cocktail in DSS-induced colitic mice","volume":"13","author":"Rezaie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103036","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as immune modulators in aging and age-related chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pervin, M., and de Haan, J.B. (2025). Dysregulated redox signaling and its impact on inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.1241.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01494-1","article-title":"Lactobacilli cell-free supernatants modulate inflammation and oxidative stress in human microglia via NRF2-SOD1 signaling","volume":"44","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2403.03010","article-title":"Protective effects of postbiotic Levilactobacillus brevis BK3 against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in skin cells","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2024.200143","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-stress properties of postbiotics produced by Lysinibacillus macroides G117","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16921","article-title":"Metabolic profiles of Weissella spp. postbiotics with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects","volume":"17","author":"Kiran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801944","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944","article-title":"Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, D., Curaj, A., Staudt, M., Simsekyilmaz, S., Kanzler, I., Boor, P., Klinkhammer, B.M., Li, X., Bucur, O., and Kaabi, A. (2022). Endogenous modulation of extracellular matrix collagen during scar formation after myocardial infarction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314571"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.164","article-title":"NF-\u03baB accumulation associated with COL1A1 transactivators defects during chronological aging represses type I collagen expression through a -112\/-61-bp region of the COL1A1 promoter in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"132","author":"Bigot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaiciuleviciute, R., Alaburda, A., Uzieliene, I., Kistam\u00e1s, K., Lengyel, M., Dinny\u00e9s, A., Bergaud, C., and Bernotiene, E. (2026). Biomimetic electrospun scaffolds for engineered heart tissue: From design parameters to drug testing platforms. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1711698"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Truong, M., Li, Y.V., and Wang, Z. (2020). Mechanical considerations of electrospun scaffolds for myocardial tissue and Regenerative Engineering. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7040122"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.030","article-title":"Stem cell-loaded nanofibrous patch promotes the regeneration of infarcted myocardium with functional improvement in rat model","volume":"10","author":"Kai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.01.006","article-title":"Plasma-functionalized electrospun matrix for biograft development and cardiac function stabilization","volume":"10","author":"Guex","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-021-00838-1","article-title":"Passive myocardial mechanical properties: Meaning, measurement, models","volume":"13","author":"Emig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, S.M., Nejad, Z.M., Hashemi, S.A., Salari, M., Gholami, A., Ramakrishna, S., Chiang, W.H., and Lai, C.W. (2021). Bioactive Agent-Loaded Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Accelerating Healing Process: A Review. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11090702"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146539","article-title":"Electrospun oral fiber membranes for oral-derived postbiotic delivery: Physicochemical properties, antibacterial and cytoprotective effects","volume":"495","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/14\/1789\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1784718511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/14\/1789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18141789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18141789","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}