{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:03:24Z","timestamp":1784891004545,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluating the shear bond strength (SBS) of contemporary universal adhesive systems on different substrates is critical for understanding their clinical applicability. In this study, the SBS of universal adhesives was assessed on 144 human and bovine tooth specimens, comparing enamel and dentin across etch-and-rinse and self-etch protocols. Following single-step or two-step adhesive application and resin cementation, the specimens were subjected to 5000 thermocycles before being evaluated with a universal testing machine. Failure modes and surface morphology were additionally characterized using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses revealed that both tissue type (p = 0.043) and tooth type (p &lt; 0.001) significantly influenced SBS, while the main effect of the adhesive protocol was not significant (p = 0.485). A significant interaction occurred between tissue type and adhesive protocol (p = 0.013); Post hoc analyses revealed that Group A enamel had significantly higher bond strength than both Group D enamel (p = 0.026) and Group A dentin (p = 0.001). Observed failures were predominantly adhesive or mixed, and SEM confirmed expected acid-induced surface roughness. Human teeth yielded higher bond strengths than bovine teeth, meaning absolute SBS values from bovine lab studies should be used with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18151810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Use of Bovine Teeth as an Experimental Substrate in the Evaluation of Shear in Contemporary Adhesive Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazire Esra","family":"Ozer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Lokman Hekim University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2507-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahin Eren","family":"Akay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Lokman Hekim University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6128-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece Irem","family":"Oguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadullah","family":"Uctasl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21306\/dishekimligi.1581695","article-title":"Dentin Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 Ajanlarda G\u00fcncel Geli\u015fmeler","volume":"11","author":"Evli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400204","article-title":"A critical review of the durability of adhesion to tooth tissue: Methods and results","volume":"84","author":"Peumans","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.14235\/bas.galenos.2019.3102","article-title":"Development of Dentin Bonding Systems from Past to Present","volume":"7","author":"Kazak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bezmialem Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification review of dental adhesive systems: From the IV generation to the universal type","volume":"8","author":"Sofan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2341\/14-055-L","article-title":"In Vitro Longevity of Bonding Properties of Universal Adhesives to Dentin","volume":"40","author":"Malaquias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-890","article-title":"Clinical effects of different etching modes for universal adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourgi, R., Kharouf, N., Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez, C.E., Lukomska-Szymanska, M., Haikel, Y., and Hardan, L. (2024). A Literature Review of Adhesive Systems in Dentistry: Key Components and Their Clinical Applications. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188111"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.03.001","article-title":"Immediate bonding properties of universal adhesives to dentine","volume":"41","author":"Luque","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"457","article-title":"Bovine Teeth as Substitutes for Human Teeth in Dental Research: Ultrastructural and Radiographic Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Baz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2022.2066936","article-title":"Can bovine tooth replace human tooth in laboratory studies? A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Ferraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18529-2","article-title":"Whitening efficacy and enamel properties of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution incorporated with strontium-containing Fluorapatite","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.01.014","article-title":"Comparison of chemical composition of enamel and dentine in human, bovine, porcine and ovine teeth","volume":"60","author":"Teruel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6hring, S., Cieplik, F., Hiller, K.A., Ebensberger, H., Ferstl, G., Hermens, J., Zaparty, M., Witzgall, R., Mansfeld, U., and Buchalla, W. (2023). Elemental Compositions of Enamel or Dentin in Human and Bovine Teeth Differ from Murine Teeth. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041514"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"471","article-title":"Viability of Bovine Teeth as a Substrate in Bond Strength Tests: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"132","article-title":"Bovine and Ovine Teeth as a Substitute for the Human Teeth: An Experimental Study","volume":"25","author":"Sahebi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2889","article-title":"Effect of Post-bleaching Surface Microroughness with Whiteness HP Blue vs Whiteness HP Maxx on Different Locations of Bovine Enamel","volume":"21","author":"Limas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaile, M., Papia, E., Zalite, V., Locs, J., and Soboleva, U. (2022). Resin Cement Residue Removal Techniques: In Vitro Analysis of Marginal Defects and Discoloration Intensity Using Micro-CT and Stereomicroscopy. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10040055"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Ekambaram, M., Li, K.C., Zhang, Y., Cooper, P.R., and Mei, M.L. (2024). In Vitro Models Used in Cariology Mineralisation Research\u2014A Review of the Literature. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12100323"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-3073","article-title":"Tooth Substrate vs Conventional Materials Used as a Base in Class V Cavities: A Comparative Study","volume":"18","author":"Goyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.50.181","article-title":"Effect of adhesive application methods on bond strength to bovine enamel","volume":"50","author":"Ando","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparison of microtensile bond strength to enamel and dentin of human, bovine, and porcine teeth","volume":"6","author":"Reis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03103-1","article-title":"Evaluation of bond strength of resin cement to Er:YAG laser-etched enamel and dentin after cementation of ceramic discs","volume":"36","author":"Ismatullaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1800824","article-title":"Effects of Different Dentin Surface Cleaning Protocols on Bond Strength of Dual-Cure Resin Cement Following Temporary Cementation","volume":"19","author":"Vongtavatchai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/20501684231196756","article-title":"Adhesion to enamel and dentine: An update","volume":"12","author":"Alkattan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2020.08.004","article-title":"Current perspectives on dental adhesion: (1) Dentin adhesion\u2014Not there yet","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"24","article-title":"Analysis of laboratory adhesion studies in eroded enamel and dentin: A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2021.12.001","article-title":"Role of the smear layer in adhesive dentistry and the clinical applications to improve bonding performance","volume":"58","author":"Saikaew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"407","article-title":"Early Phase Enamel Bond Performance of a Two-step Adhesive Containing a Primer Derived from a Universal Adhesive","volume":"24","author":"Iwase","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokeem, L.S., Garcia, I.M., and Melo, M.A. (2023). Degradation and Failure Phenomena at the Dentin Bonding Interface. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051256"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5268342","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5268342","article-title":"Resin-Dentin Bonding Interface: Mechanisms of Degradation and Strategies for Stabilization of the Hybrid Layer","volume":"2019","author":"Betancourt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malysa, A., Wezgowiec, J., Grzebieluch, W., Danel, D.P., and Wieckiewicz, M. (2022). Effect of Thermocycling on the Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Resin Cements Used for Luting CAD\/CAM Ceramics to Human Dentin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020745"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.02.009","article-title":"Dental adhesion review: Aging and stability of the bonded interface","volume":"24","author":"Breschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.08.014","article-title":"Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4\u00b72H2O) precipitation through ortho- or meta-phosphoric acid-etching: Effects on the durability and nanoleakage\/ultra-morphology of resin-dentine interfaces","volume":"41","author":"Feitosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.04.003","article-title":"Bond strength of universal adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2341\/18-275-L","article-title":"Enamel Etching for Universal Adhesives: Examination of Enamel Etching Protocols for Optimization of Bonding Effectiveness","volume":"45","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2021-111","article-title":"Comparison of bond strength of universal adhesives using different etching modes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.11.149","article-title":"Dentin bonding-variables related to the clinical situation and the substrate treatment","volume":"26","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440202002884","article-title":"Influence of Acid Etching and Universal Adhesives on the Bond Strength to Dentin","volume":"31","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2024-214","article-title":"The influence of phosphoric acid and primer treatment on the evaluation of the adhesive resin cement\/enamel interface","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34305","article-title":"Universal dental adhesives: Current status, laboratory testing, and clinical performance","volume":"107","author":"Nagarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.04.044","article-title":"Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives","volume":"28","author":"Snauwaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512460396","article-title":"HEMA inhibits interfacial nano-layering of the functional monomer MDP","volume":"91","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.016","article-title":"State of the art etch-and-rinse adhesives","volume":"27","author":"Pashley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.023","article-title":"State of the art of self-etch adhesives","volume":"27","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18742106357984","DOI":"10.2174\/0118742106357984241216041551","article-title":"Effect of Accelerated Aging on the Microtensile Bond Strength of a Two-Step Adhesive Containing a Universal Adhesive Primer, an in vitro study","volume":"19","author":"Daneshpooy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.04.008","article-title":"Bonding performance of experimental HEMA-free two-step universal adhesives to low C-factor flat dentin","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties and Performance of Functional Monomers Used in Contemporary Dental Adhesive Technology","volume":"27","author":"Delgado","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsujimoto, A., Fischer, N.G., Barkmeier, W.W., and Latta, M.A. (2022). Bond Durability of Two-Step HEMA-Free Universal Adhesive. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13030134"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.26650\/eor.20261852732","article-title":"Evaluation of microtensile bond strength to dentin and adhesive layer thickness of a new generation two-bottle universal adhesive","volume":"60","author":"Tonga","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, V.L., Medina, A.N.T., Barros, A.P.O., Escalante-Ot\u00e1rola, W.G., de Melo Alencar, C., and Kuga, M.C. (2026). Effects of desensitizing treatments on acid-etched dentin: Debris precipitation, bond strength and tag formation. Odontology.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01334-2"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01098-1","article-title":"Effect of air-thinning a two-step adhesive layer on bond strength to tooth substrates","volume":"113","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.02.012","article-title":"Bonding effectiveness of a new \u2018multi-mode\u2019 adhesive to enamel and dentine","volume":"40","author":"Hanabusa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"7","article-title":"Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lund","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triani, F., Pereira da Silva, L., Ferreira Lemos, B., Domingues, J., Teixeira, L., and Manarte-Monteiro, P. (2022). Universal Adhesives: Evaluation of the Relationship between Bond Strength and Application Strategies\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12101501"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.09.019","article-title":"Bovine tooth is a substitute for human tooth on bond strength studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies","volume":"32","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e83","article-title":"Comparative scanning electron microscope analysis of the enamel of permanent human, bovine and porcine teeth","volume":"21","author":"Olek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22543","article-title":"The enamel microstructures of bovine mandibular incisors","volume":"295","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697818","article-title":"Effect of different bonding strategies on adhesion to deep and superficial permanent dentin","volume":"4","author":"Pegado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510391799","article-title":"Limitations in bonding to dentin and experimental strategies to prevent bond degradation","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oltramare, R., Lutz Guzman, C.A., Lotz, J.J., Attin, T., and Wegehaupt, F.J. (2026). Bovine Dentin as a Substitute for Human Dentin: Bond Strength Tests on Sound and Eroded Substrate. Dent. J., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14010066"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslanda\u015f Din\u00e7t\u00fcrk, B., and Kedici Alp, C. (2025). Evaluation of the Effect of Different Universal Adhesives on Remineralized Enamel by Shear Bond Strength and Fe-SEM\/EDX Analysis. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16010023"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Takagaki, T., Hatayama, T., Nikaido, T., and Tagami, J. (2021). Update on Enamel Bonding Strategies. Front. Dent. Med., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2021.666379"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.53.273","article-title":"Bovine teeth as substitute for human teeth in dental research: A review of literature","volume":"53","author":"Yassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"88","article-title":"Evaluation of In-Vitro Aging Procedures in Dentistry: A Traditional Review","volume":"7","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Med. J.-Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(98)00037-2","article-title":"Thermal cycling procedures for laboratory testing of dental restorations","volume":"27","author":"Gale","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572003000400013","article-title":"Effect of tooth age on bond strength to dentin","volume":"11","author":"Giannini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(96)00065-6","article-title":"The dentin substrate: Structure and properties related to bonding","volume":"25","author":"Marshall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.12.011","article-title":"Topographical, diametral, and quantitative analysis of dentin tubules in the root canals of human and bovine teeth","volume":"33","author":"Camargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.11.015","article-title":"Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin\/enamel using micro-tensile bond strength (\u03bcTBS) approach","volume":"33","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.11.150","article-title":"Adhesion to tooth structure: A critical review of \u201cmacro\u201d test methods","volume":"26","author":"Braga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"215","article-title":"Buonocore memorial lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: Current status and future challenges","volume":"28","author":"Yoshida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/15\/1810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:50:31Z","timestamp":1784890231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/15\/1810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18151810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18151810","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}