{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:47:30Z","timestamp":1785905250848,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACYT","award":["381048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["381048"]}]},{"name":"CONACYT","award":["CVU 413075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 413075"]}]},{"award":["381048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["381048"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00aejfc65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CVU 413075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 413075"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00aejfc65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Articular cartilage possesses a limited intrinsic repair capacity, and current treatment strategies frequently result in fibrocartilaginous repair tissue with inferior structural and mechanical properties compared with native hyaline cartilage. Increasing evidence indicates that successful restoration of joint function requires regeneration of the entire osteochondral unit and adequate integration between cartilage and subchondral bone. Cartilage tissue engineering has emerged as an effective approach for repairing damaged cartilage. The present study evaluated the long-term performance of electrospun PLA\/PCL (70\/30) scaffolds coated with iodine-doped polypyrrole (PPy-I), with and without aggrecan incorporation, in a rabbit osteochondral defect model after 12 months of implantation. Two scaffold formulations were evaluated: M1 (PLA-PCL-PPy-I) and M2 (PLA-PCL-PPy-I-AG), each implanted either without cells or after in vitro pre-culture with autologous chondrocytes prior to implantation. Histological analyses were performed to assess tissue organization and osteochondral integration, while indentation testing was used to characterize the mechanical behavior of the regenerated tissues. Experimental force\u2013displacement data were further analyzed using a generalized nonlinear Maxwell viscoelastic model. Histological evaluation revealed that scaffold composition and cellularization influenced the characteristics of the regenerated tissue. The M2 scaffold pre-cultured with autologous chondrocytes exhibited the structural organization most closely resembling native hyaline cartilage, including a tri-zonal architecture and a continuous tidemark indicative of improved osteochondral integration. Mechanical testing demonstrated nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and hysteresis in both regenerated and native tissues. The proposed generalized nonlinear Maxwell viscoelastic model provides a practical framework for the mechanical characterization of regenerated osteochondral tissues using only two effective parameters representing the elastic and viscous response, and may support future studies aimed at estimating their intrinsic mechanical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18151906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1785766587000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Osteochondral Repair Induced by Electrospun PLA\/PCL Scaffolds Functionalized with Polypyrrole and Aggrecan: Histological and Mechanical Evaluation in a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nancy C.","family":"Islas-Arteaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Alc. Iztapalapa, AP 55-534, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering, Child Hospital of M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr. M\u00e1rquez 162, Doctores, Alc. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atl\u00e1ntida M.","family":"Raya-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering, Child Hospital of M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr. M\u00e1rquez 162, Doctores, Alc. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Morales-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Alc. Iztapalapa, AP 55-534, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego R.","family":"Esquiliano-Rendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering, Child Hospital of M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr. M\u00e1rquez 162, Doctores, Alc. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia G.","family":"Ontiveros-Nevares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Morelense Child Hospital, Av de la Salud No. 1, Emiliano Zapata 62765, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar E.","family":"Uribe-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Alc. Iztapalapa, AP 55-534, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1728-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Olayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Alc. Iztapalapa, AP 55-534, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda G.","family":"Flores S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vice-Rectory for Research, La Salle University M\u00e9xico, Benjam\u00edn Franklin 45, Condesa, Alc. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v012a11","article-title":"The Structure and Function of Cartilage Proteoglycans","volume":"12","author":"Roughley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290106","article-title":"Structure and Function of Aggrecan","volume":"12","author":"Kiani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"93","article-title":"Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Perspectives for Clinical Application and Preclinical Development","volume":"30","author":"Ai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"8","article-title":"Challenges in Osteochondral Repair\u2014A Critical Review","volume":"2","author":"Aswathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofunct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45539","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303737200","article-title":"Aggrecan Protects Cartilage Collagen from Proteolytic Cleavage","volume":"278","author":"Pratta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/ar630","article-title":"Aggrecanases and Cartilage Matrix Degradation","volume":"5","author":"Nagase","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-014-0008-7","article-title":"The Role of Aggrecan in Normal and Osteoarthritic Cartilage","volume":"1","author":"Roughley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2434","article-title":"Cartilage Degradation Is Fully Reversible in the Presence of Aggrecanase but Not Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity","volume":"10","author":"Karsdal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v025a18","article-title":"Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair\u2014The State of the Art","volume":"25","author":"Brain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-015-0037-x","article-title":"The Benefits and Limitations of Animal Models for Translational Research in Cartilage Repair","volume":"3","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1072-x","article-title":"The Subchondral Bone in Articular Cartilage Repair: Current Problems in the Surgical Management","volume":"18","author":"Gomoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2018.0122","article-title":"Beyond Cartilage Repair: The Role of the Osteochondral Unit in Joint Health and Disease","volume":"25","author":"Lepage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berni, M., Marchiori, G., Baleani, M., Giavaresi, G., and Lopomo, N.F. (2024). Biomechanics of the Human Osteochondral Unit: A Systematic Review. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071698"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520924776","article-title":"Properties of Cartilage\u2013Subchondral Bone Junctions: A Narrative Review with Specific Focus on the Growth Plate","volume":"13","author":"Kazemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37478","article-title":"Cartilage Biomechanics: From the Basic Facts to the Challenges of Tissue Engineering","volume":"111","author":"Petitjean","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farjaminejad, R., Farjaminejad, S., Garcia-Godoy, F., Marya, A., Nucci, L., and Jamilian, A. (2026). Advances and Challenges in Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials, Cellular Strategies, and Clinical Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17040184"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasy\u0142eczko, M., Sikorska, W., and Chwojnowski, A. (2020). Review of Synthetic and Hybrid Scaffolds in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10110348"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0235","article-title":"Increasing the Pore Size of Electrospun Scaffolds","volume":"17","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Athanasiou, K.A., Darling, E.M., Hu, J.C., Almarza, A.A., Detamore, M.S., Kalpakci, K.N., and Sanchez-Adams, J. (2009). Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering, Morgan & Claypool Publishers."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, Z. (2017). Science and Principles of Biodegradable and Bioresorbable Medical Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100372-5.00011-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, C. (2025). Electrospinning PLLA\/PCL Blend Fibre-Based Materials and Their Biomedical Application: A Mini Review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17202802"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.13005\/msri\/150304","article-title":"Electrospun Polylactic Acid Based Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Kanmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Res. India"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ysik, D., Deptu\u0142a, P., Chmielewska, S., Bucki, R., and Mystkowska, J. (2022). Degradation of Polylactide and Polycaprolactone as a Result of Biofilm Formation Assessed under Experimental Conditions Simulating the Oral Cavity Environment. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207061"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5604\/12303666.1196607","article-title":"Preparation and Characterisation of Polylactic Acid (PLA)\/Polycaprolactone (PCL) Composite Microfibre Membranes","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.05.076","article-title":"Surface Modifications of Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Teimouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0306-2","article-title":"The Role Played by Modified Bioinspired Surfaces in Interfacial Properties of Biomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Paterlini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhanced Neuronal Differentiation Using Plasma Synthesized Amino Polymers","volume":"74","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-021-06595-7","article-title":"Application of Plasma Polymerized Pyrrole Nanoparticles to Prevent or Reduce De-Differentiation of Adult Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes","volume":"32","author":"Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.898124","article-title":"Nerve Cells Culture from Lumbar Spinal Cord on Surfaces Modified by Plasma Pyrrole Polymerization","volume":"25","author":"Olayo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, L., Lim, R., and Owens, B.D. (2024). Latest Advances in Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Repair. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061367"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0160","article-title":"Incorporation of Aggrecan in Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels to Improve Cellular Performance for Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"19","author":"Ingavle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1534109","article-title":"Electrospun Scaffolds with Surfaces Modified by Plasma for Regeneration of Articular Cartilage Tissue: A Pilot Study in Rabbit","volume":"68","author":"Olayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"du Sert, N.P., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., Dirnagl, U., and Emerson, M. (2020). Reporting Animal Research: Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43286-4","article-title":"Modeling Integrin and Plasma-Polymerized Pyrrole Interactions: Chemical Diversity Relevance for Cell Regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Serratos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.04.018","article-title":"Cell-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies Used in the Clinical Repair of Articular Cartilage","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2014-0070","article-title":"Xiphoid Process-Derived Chondrocytes: A Novel Cell Source for Elastic Cartilage Regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"669","article-title":"Donor Site Morbidity after Articular Cartilage Repair Procedures: A Review","volume":"76","author":"Matricali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparative Digital Cartilage Histology for Human and Common Osteoarthritis Models","volume":"5","author":"Pedersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, N., Alharthi, M.F., and Khan, M.S. (2024). Mitigating Multicollinearity in Regression: A Study on Improved Ridge Estimators. Mathematics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/math12193027"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0889-3","article-title":"An Improved Parameter Estimation and Comparison for Soft Tissue Constitutive Models Containing an Exponential Function","volume":"16","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438","article-title":"The Basic Science of Articular Cartilage: Structure, Composition, and Function","volume":"1","author":"Bedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27528","article-title":"Cartilage Cell Clusters","volume":"62","author":"Lotz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.008","article-title":"The Mechanical Significance of the Zonally Differentiated Collagen Network of Articular Cartilage in Relation to Tissue Swelling","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurz, B., Lange, T., Voelker, M., Hart, M.L., and Rolauffs, B. (2023). Articular Cartilage-From Basic Science Structural Imaging to Non-Invasive Clinical Quantitative Molecular Functional Information for AI Classification and Prediction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914974"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Ye, R., Xie, W., Zhang, Y., An, S., Li, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Roles of the Calcified Cartilage Layer and Its Tissue Engineering Reconstruction in Osteoarthritis Treatment. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.911281"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"313","article-title":"Fibrocartilage Hyalinization: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Articular Fibrocartilage","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.11.018","article-title":"Dedifferentiation Alters Chondrocyte Nuclear Mechanics during in Vitro Culture and Expansion","volume":"121","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28915","article-title":"Recent Research on Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation and Insights for Regenerative Medicine","volume":"122","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.08.012","article-title":"Shear Deformations of Human Articular Cartilage: Certain Mechanical Anisotropies Apparent at Large but Not Small Shear Strains","volume":"65","author":"Maier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-021-00742-5","article-title":"Microindentation of Cartilage before and after Articular Loading in a Bioreactor: Assessment of Length-Scale Dependency Using Two Analysis Methods","volume":"61","author":"Yuh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Feng, J., Zhi, J., Deng, Y., Zou, R., Fu, L., and Jiang, H. (2026). The Application of Tissue Engineering in Cartilage Regeneration: Technological Advances and Future Challenges. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1698245"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara-Bertrand, A.L., Lizarazo-Fonseca, L., Correa-Araujo, L., Salguero, G., and Silva-Cote, I. (2026). Innovative Technologies for Articular Cartilage Repair: Research, Development, and Clinical Translation\u2014A Narrative Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030128"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/15\/1906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:11:35Z","timestamp":1785903095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/15\/1906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18151906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18151906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}