{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:27:57Z","timestamp":1786123677139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007120","name":"King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KREF016505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KREF016505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KREF016505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KREF016505"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055mf0v62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KMITL Research and Innovation","award":["RE-KRIS\/FF68\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE-KRIS\/FF68\/07"]}]},{"award":["RE-KRIS\/FF68\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE-KRIS\/FF68\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"School of Integrated Innovative Technology (SIITec), King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055mf0v62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) of polystyrene (PS) and brewery waste (BW) to produce high-quality hydrochar with enhanced fuel properties. Experiments were carried out with different PS-to-BW ratios and reaction temperatures to assess their impact on hydrochar yield, physicochemical properties, and combustion performance. The results showed that higher PS content notably enhanced both the hydrochar yield and higher heating value (HHV), demonstrating increased energy recovery potential. FTIR analysis revealed a gradual reduction in peak intensities with increasing temperature, indicating enhanced decomposition and structural transformation of functional groups. Examination of combustion properties demonstrated improved ignition and firing behavior, evidenced by reduced combustion durations and elevated combustion indices. Van Krevelen analysis showed that the co-hydrochars migrated toward the coal compositional region, supporting their potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional solid fuels. These findings underscore Co-HTC as a promising waste-to-energy strategy for the concurrent valorization of plastic and biomass waste streams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18161940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:00:43Z","timestamp":1786118443000},"page":"1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Polystyrene and Brewery Waste: Evaluation of Fuel Properties and the Effect of Blending Ratio and Temperature on Hydrochar Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Monthakan","family":"Chanthip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Integrated Innovative Technology (SIITec), King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Plaifah","family":"Sunprasit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Integrated Innovative Technology (SIITec), King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napat","family":"Kaewtrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutee","family":"Chutipaijit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Integrated Innovative Technology (SIITec), King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuttapong","family":"Ruttanadech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon 86160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8324-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phongthorn","family":"Julphunthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8674-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawat","family":"Suriwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramote","family":"Puengjinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gasidit","family":"Panomsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achanai","family":"Buasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9794-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sappasith","family":"Klomklao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Fuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Ceramic Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Tajimi 466-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apiluck","family":"Eiad-Ua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Integrated Innovative Technology (SIITec), King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Waste Management by Waste to Energy Initiatives in India","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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