{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:27:28Z","timestamp":1786440448212,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","award":["RDU243807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDU243807"]}]},{"award":["RDU243807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDU243807"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01704wp68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The corrosion-protection performance of zinc oxide-hybrid polymeric coatings is traditionally attributed to the individual contributions of their constituent phases. This study reveals that the calcination temperature of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler is a critical, previously overlooked processing parameter that dictates not only filler crystallinity but also the collective synergistic failure mechanism of the entire coating system. Herein, we demonstrate that incorporating ZnO calcined at 500 \u00b0C yields a ternary chitosan\u2013graphene oxide\u2013zinc oxide\/epoxy (CS\u2013GO\u2013ZnO\/EP) composite coating with a highly compact, dense morphology, minimal internal porosity, and exceptional filler dispersion, as validated by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The optimized CS\u2013GO\u2013ZnO\/EP coating applied to carbon steel exhibits outstanding dry and wet pull-off adhesion strengths, the highest surface hydrophobicity (102.2\u00b0), and superior electrochemical barrier protection. Notably, after a 120-h immersion period in an aggressive 3.5 wt.% NaCl electrolyte, the CS\u2013GO\u2013ZnO\/EP (500 \u00b0C) maintains excellent coating resistance (Rcoat = 1.06 \u00d7 105 \u03a9) and a minimized corrosion rate (CR = 0.074 mm\/y). This thermal threshold is a key processing window that improves chemical bonding and compatibility between the different parts of the hybrid matrix without causing the severe nanoparticle sintering, phase aggregation, and micro-cracking that happen at 650 \u00b0C. This work offers a significant advancement in the design of eco-friendly, high-performance hybrid coatings, demonstrating that precise control of the inorganic phase\u2019s thermal history provides a direct pathway toward superior durability, hydrophobicity, and electrochemical stability for carbon steel protection in aggressive marine environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18161959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:09:36Z","timestamp":1786435776000},"page":"1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuning the Calcination Temperature of ZnO in Chitosan\u2013Graphene Oxide\/Epoxy Coatings for Optimized Corrosion Mitigation of Carbon Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin","family":"Albarqouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Al\u2013Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza City 1277, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euodia","family":"Banius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Alfoudari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljoury","family":"Alsulaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0946-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad R.","family":"Thalji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 21 KENTECH-gil, Naju 58330, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman Bin","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2025.109700","article-title":"Spent coffee grounds-derived N-doped carbon dots as efficient green corrosion inhibitors for Q235 steel in acidic environment","volume":"210","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2026.110182","article-title":"A dual pH-responsive self-healing anti-corrosion coating for carbon steel enabled by synergistic ZIF-8 nanocapsules and molybdate-intercalated layered double hydroxides","volume":"216","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somoghi, R., Semenescu, A., Pasare, V., Chivu, O.R., Nitoi, D.F., Marcu, D.F., and Florea, B. (2024). The impact of ZnO nanofillers on the mechanical and anti-corrosion performances of epoxy composites. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142054"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108761","article-title":"Role of graphene in bactericidal activity and bioactivity of a Zn\/graphene\/chitosan coating","volume":"196","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2025.109561","article-title":"Synthesis of novel carbon dots as efficient green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in an acidic environment: Electrochemical, gravimetric, and XPS analysis","volume":"209","author":"Kumari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.01.020","article-title":"Synthesis of the polypyrrole encapsulated copper nanowires with excellent oxidation resistance and temporal stability","volume":"439","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc16961d","article-title":"Facile synthesis of polypyrrole coated copper nanowires: A new concept to engineered core-shell structures","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Luo, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, C., and Li, Y. (2025). Chitosan-grafted graphene oxide-reinforced bio-based waterborne epoxy nanocomposites for antibacterial and corrosion resistance in tropical marine environments: A mini-review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17212964"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.24425\/amm.2025.154487","article-title":"Zinc oxide embedded on chitosan\/graphene oxide composite: A robust hydrophobic material for antibacterial coating","volume":"70","author":"Albarqouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehocky, M. (2025). Environmental applications of chitosan derivatives and chitosan composites. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192583"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-025-10956-w","article-title":"Chitosan as a nanocomposite matrix: Advances in nanostructure fabrication, functional properties, and multidisciplinary applications","volume":"60","author":"Naseem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-03184-3","article-title":"Development and characterization of graphene oxide-locust bean gum-zinc oxide (GO-LBG-ZnO) nanohybrid as an efficient and novel antitumor agent against hepatocarcinoma cells","volume":"32","author":"Shakibaie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2025.05.024","article-title":"Self-polymerization of dopamine on zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced corrosion resistance in epoxy-aluminum coatings","volume":"85","author":"Albarqouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.101239","article-title":"Investigation of the parameters affecting the morphology of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method","volume":"26","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2015.11.071","article-title":"Effect of calcination on properties of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Ashraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.113244","article-title":"Studying the optical and thermal properties of Cs\/ZnO and Cs\/ZnO\/GO hybrid nanocomposites","volume":"135","author":"Ezzat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-025-05874-5","article-title":"Self-polymerization of dopamine-coated zinc oxide as a potential antibacterial nanoparticle with molecular docking analysis","volume":"82","author":"Albarqouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-01808-7","article-title":"Biosafe chitosan films reinforced with zinc oxide\/graphene oxide: Comprehensive multifunctional properties","volume":"15","author":"Almadari","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142424","article-title":"Zinc oxide-loaded chitosan-graphene oxide hydrogel nanocomposite as a potential catalyst for photocatalytic dye degradation","volume":"308","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"55","article-title":"DNA-assisted stabilization of graphene sheets and its application as supercapacitors electrode","volume":"23","author":"Albarqouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malays. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-024-02659-w","article-title":"Comparative analysis of morphological and structural properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemical method and microbial method","volume":"20","author":"Modi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.119507","article-title":"Unraveling the infrared spectrum of graphene oxide","volume":"229","author":"Brusko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-019-05000-8","article-title":"Correlation between calcination temperature and optical parameter of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles","volume":"91","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"100625","article-title":"Impact of calcination temperature on the structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnO synthesized from gum arabic for methylene blue dye removal","volume":"17","author":"Alwash","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/10584587.2025.2483638","article-title":"Effect of calcination on morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"241","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.07.046","article-title":"Physical characterization and dielectric properties of chitosan incorporated by zinc oxide and graphene oxide nanoparticles prepared via laser ablation route","volume":"20","author":"Alshammari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-516","article-title":"Room-temperature synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in different media and their application in cyanide photodegradation","volume":"8","author":"Aboud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-025-07344-9","article-title":"Implications on structural, morphological, and optical properties and photocatalytic degradation behavior of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Effect of calcination temperature","volume":"77","author":"Kaur","year":"2025","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5155\/eurjchem.13.2.162-167.2231","article-title":"Effect of calcination temperature on the structure and morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by base-catalyzed aqueous sol-gel process","volume":"13","author":"Zahra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18349","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP02371C","article-title":"Polar zinc oxide surface in electrolyte solutions: An atomic view of reconstruction, hydration and surface states","volume":"23","author":"Samejima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.105847","article-title":"Surface roughness profile and its effect on coating adhesion and corrosion protection: A review","volume":"148","author":"Croll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133495","article-title":"Thermomechanical behavior of a novel hybrid epoxy\/ZnO nanocomposite adhesive in structural bonding: Experimental analysis and ANN modeling","volume":"687","author":"Mirmohammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2025.2526006","article-title":"Enhancing epoxy coatings with spherical ZnO nanoparticles for improved hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance","volume":"39","author":"Albarqouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130667","article-title":"Investigation into the effect of introducing functionalized hafnium carbide with GO in the epoxy coated aluminium alloy for aerospace components","volume":"658","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-022-2176-9","article-title":"Influence of surface modified mixed metal oxide nanoparticles on the electrochemical and mechanical properties of polyurethane matrix","volume":"17","author":"Xavier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7094","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05636-w","article-title":"Evaluation of corrosion protection performance and mechanical properties of epoxy-triazole\/graphene oxide nanocomposite coatings on mild steel","volume":"56","author":"Vinodhini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215398","article-title":"Research progress on chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposites fabrication, characterization, biomedical and environmental applications","volume":"496","author":"Sathiyaseelan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132565","article-title":"Chitosan toughened epoxy resin by chemical cross-linking: Enabling excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance","volume":"271","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.05.011","article-title":"Size-dependent corrosion behavior of graphene oxide coating","volume":"134","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101271","article-title":"Advancements in zinc oxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and diverse applications","volume":"39","author":"Gulab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130876","article-title":"Effect of hydrophobicity in hybrid sol-gel coating for enhanced barrier property on mild steel","volume":"485","author":"Hermange","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2025.101142","article-title":"Graphene-enhanced epoxy composites: A comprehensive review of dispersion mechanisms, processing strategies, property optimization, characterization and sustainable innovations","volume":"158","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54925","DOI":"10.1002\/app.54925","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization of the controlling of surface morphology of epoxy-amine-cured spin-coated films","volume":"141","author":"Shenk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.05.128","article-title":"Increased corrosion resistance of steel substrates coated with epoxy resin\/ZnO\/Fe2O3 obtained from electric arc furnace dust recovery","volume":"36","author":"Martinelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106571","article-title":"Advances and future outlook in epoxy\/graphene composites for anticorrosive applications","volume":"162","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Wu, J., and Chen, D. (2026). Grain refinement and property trade-offs in laser cladded Ni60-WC coating induced by 2% ZrO2 addition. Coatings, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings16070857"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c00608","article-title":"The pitfalls of using potentiodynamic polarization curves for Tafel analysis in electrocatalytic water splitting","volume":"6","author":"Anantharaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.176371","article-title":"Optimizing corrosion protection: Performance comparison of Zn and Zn-Al-Mg alloys Hot-Dip galvanized coatings","volume":"1007","author":"Chaouki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19307","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02672","article-title":"Correlation between Tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy by prediction of amperometric response from EIS","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-023-00805-1","article-title":"Effect of coatings on mechanical, corrosion and tribological properties of industrial materials: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Okokpujie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bio-Tribo-Corros."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s43939-025-00201-1","article-title":"A review of recent advances in ZnO nanostructured thin films by various deposition techniques","volume":"5","author":"Toma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.156267","article-title":"Regulating the specific surface area and porous structure of carbon for high performance supercapacitors","volume":"615","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077747","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3077747","article-title":"Green approaches, potentials, and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles in surface coatings and films","volume":"2022","author":"Rohani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.02.018","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide-graphene oxide nanocomposites for electrocatalytic detection of rutin","volume":"91","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106678","article-title":"Novel polyaniline\/chitosan\/reduced graphene oxide ternary nanocomposites: Feasible reinforcement in epoxy coatings on mild steel for corrosion protection","volume":"163","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.01.025","article-title":"Corrosion inhibition of mild steel using chitosan\/TiO2 nanocomposite coatings","volume":"129","author":"John","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.01.037","article-title":"XPS study of zinc hydroxide as a potential corrosion product of zinc: Rapid X-ray induced conversion into zinc oxide","volume":"82","author":"Duchoslav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/1959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:27:59Z","timestamp":1786436879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/1959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18161959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18161959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}