{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1786624216296,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016981","name":"Necmettin Erbakan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25DU24005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25DU24005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25DU24005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25DU24005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013s3zh21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Color instability in anterior composite restorations remains a primary cause for clinical replacement. While pre-polymerization thermal modification is increasingly utilized in daily practice, its precise impact on phase-specific and long-term optical resistance against continuous thermal aging and aggressive dietary staining remains unclarified. This in vitro study evaluated the impact of pre-polymerization thermal modification (4 \u00b0C, 23 \u00b0C, and 55 \u00b0C) on the phase-specific and cumulative color stability (\u0394E00) of four anterior composite resins subjected to sequential thermal aging and prolonged coffee immersion. One hundred twenty specimens (n = 10) were prepared, and \u0394E00 was assessed using the CIEDE2000 formula at baseline (T0), post-thermal cycling (T1), and post-coffee immersion (T2). Mixed repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant three-way interaction (phase \u00d7 material \u00d7 temperature, p &lt; 0.001), demonstrating that thermal conditioning effects vary by material formulation and aging dynamics. During thermal aging (\u0394E00 T0\u2013T1), pre-polymerization cooling (4 \u00b0C) induced significantly higher discoloration in Estelite Sigma Quick compared to preheated conditions (p &lt; 0.001). Following coffee immersion (\u0394E00 T1\u2013T2), refrigeration at 4 \u00b0C significantly increased staining in Enamel Plus HRI (p = 0.026) and Estelite Sigma Quick (p = 0.007) compared to room temperature and preheated groups. For cumulative color change (\u0394E00 T0\u2013T2), the material type was the primary determinant (p &lt; 0.001), while the independent effect of temperature was not statistically significant (p = 0.395). In conclusion, preheating (55 \u00b0C) provides no significant cumulative advantage against staining, whereas refrigeration (4 \u00b0C) increases susceptibility to physical and chemical discoloration. The intrinsic chemical composition remains the critical factor driving long-term color stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18161973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T11:33:46Z","timestamp":1786620826000},"page":"1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Pre-Polymerization Thermal Modification on the Optical Resistance of Anterior Composites Against Thermal Cycling and Coffee Staining: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2770-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin","family":"G\u00fcn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan Yasin","family":"G\u00f6nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.5.7192","article-title":"Comparative study of color stability of three composite materials, treated by finishing and coated sealing, after immersion in different wholesale","volume":"70","author":"Bolat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. 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