{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:27:07Z","timestamp":1786955227440,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Spain"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038jjxj40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD) is a lipophilic phytocannabinoid of interest for dermocosmetic and topical applications, but its poor aqueous solubility and sensitivity to environmental conditions make its formulation challenging. This work aimed to develop avocado oil-in-water emulgels for CBD incorporation using a mixed emulsifying system based on Kolliphor EL and cricket protein and a commercial Aloe vera\/Chondrus crispus gel as the structuring phase. First, different Kolliphor EL:cricket protein ratios were evaluated according to droplet size distribution. No significant differences in droplet size were found among formulations containing at least 67% Kolliphor EL (p &gt; 0.05); therefore, 67K-33G was selected because it maximized the substitution of Kolliphor EL with cricket protein without significantly affecting droplet size. Progressive replacement of water by the commercial hydrocolloid gel markedly increased consistency and viscoelasticity, producing a transition from fluid emulsions to elastic emulgels between 50 AV and 75 AV. The 75 AV formulation showed low Turbiscan Stability Index values, a predominantly elastic response, and a more balanced structure than 100 AV. The selected emulgel showed a total analytical recovery of 96.2 \u00b1 1.2% for CBD and retained 97.3 \u00b1 0.7% of the initially recovered CBD after 30 days of storage at 4 \u00b0C protected from light. These results support the potential of Aloe vera\/Chondrus crispus-based emulgels as semisolid carriers for lipophilic bioactive compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18161988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:05:41Z","timestamp":1786953941000},"page":"1988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aloe vera\/Chondrus crispus Hydrocolloid Emulgels as Polymer-Structured Colloidal Carriers for Cannabidiol Incorporation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Claudia C.","family":"Polan\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/Profesor Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, s\/n, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2562-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alfonso","family":"Trujillo-Cayado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/Profesor Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, s\/n, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6108-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida de las Universidades s\/n, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01515A","article-title":"Enhanced Delivery of Lipophilic Bioactives Using Emulsions: A Review of Major Factors Affecting Vitamin, Nutraceutical, and Lipid Bioaccessibility","volume":"9","author":"Mcclements","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38845","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c07993","article-title":"Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions","volume":"12","author":"Zia","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barquero, M., Trujillo-Cayado, L.A., and Santos, J. (2025). Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO\u2013Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.0208.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2174\/0125899775278612240129055753","article-title":"Emulgel: A Cutting Edge Approach for Topical Drug Delivery System","volume":"17","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"CDRR"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22103155339416","DOI":"10.2174\/0122103155339416241018063421","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Aloe Vera: Composition, Properties, Processing, and Applications","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Properties of Aloe Vera- a Review","volume":"10","author":"Mitra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Sci. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.128306","article-title":"Synergistic Rheology of Chia and Aloe Vera Mucilage with Spirulina Residue: Enhancing Emulsion Stability for Sustainable Food Applications","volume":"437","author":"Calero","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-J., Sharma, A., and Lee, H.-J. (2024). An Update on the Chemical Constituents and Biological Properties of Selected Species of an Underpinned Genus of Red Algae: Chondrus. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22010047"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L., and Valado, A. (2026). Marine Algae Hydrogels as Emerging Biomaterials for Medicine. Gels, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12030228"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomartire, S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2023). Algal Phycocolloids: Bioactivities and Pharmaceutical Applications. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21070384"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhfh.2026.100274","article-title":"Carbohydrate-Surfactant Interplay: Structural Effects of Saccharides on Micellar Behavior of Kolliphor\u00ae EL and Kolliphor\u00ae HS15","volume":"9","author":"Vyas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2025.104013","article-title":"Cricket Isolates as Ingredients to Design Protein Foods: Functional, Structural and Interfacial Properties","volume":"102","author":"Aprile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trujillo-Cayado, L.A., Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Luna, A., Hurtado-Fern\u00e1ndez, E., and Santos, J. (2024). Cricket Protein as an Innovative Emulsifier for Avocado Oil: Formulation and Characterization of Sustainable Emulsions. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14041674"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, A., Farca\u0219, A.-M., Oancea, O.-L., and Tanase, C. (2025). Cannabidiol in Skin Health: A Comprehensive Review of Topical Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetic Science. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091219"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/20415990.2024.2421155","article-title":"Microencapsulation Techniques for Developing Cannabidiol Formulations: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Garro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.12.036","article-title":"Encapsulation of Cannabidiol in Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions and Nanoemulsion-Filled Hydrogels: A Structure and Biological Assessment Study","volume":"634","author":"Demisli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F.-U., Liu, C., Mehboob, M., Bilal, R.M., Arain, M.A., Siddique, F., Chen, F., Li, Y., Zhang, J., and Shi, P. (2023). Potential of Dietary Hemp and Cannabinoids to Modulate Immune Response to Enhance Health and Performance in Animals: Opportunities and Challenges. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285052"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morakul, B., Junyaprasert, V.B., Sakchaisri, K., and Teeranachaideekul, V. (2023). Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Dermal Delivery: Enhancement of Photostability, Cell Viability, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020537"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/la990711e","article-title":"Orogenic Displacement of Protein from the Oil\/Water Interface","volume":"16","author":"Mackie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethier, A., Bansal, P., Baxter, J., Langley, N., Richardson, N., and Patel, A.M. (2019). The Role of Excipients in the Microstructure of Topical Semisolid Drug Products. The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17355-5_5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1122\/1.1517302","article-title":"Quantitative Relationship between Rheology and Morphology in Emulsions","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Patel, D., Kadam, S., Arekar, V., Franco, E., and Ramanathan, D. (2020, January 22\u201326). Analysis of Cannabinoids in CBD Oil Using GC-MS and HPLC Techniques. Proceedings of the ACS Spring 2020 National Meeting & Expo, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-018-0159-8","article-title":"Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. Samples for Recreational, Medical, and Forensic Purposes by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection","volume":"9","author":"Zivovinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/1988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:16:23Z","timestamp":1786954583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/1988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18161988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18161988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]}}}