{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:23:15Z","timestamp":1787304195146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E2025110021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2025110021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cangzhou Natural Science Foundation","award":["23241001006N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23241001006N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202409340031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202409340031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202409340031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202409340031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04atp4p48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymer-fiber weft-knitted textiles are widely used in functional apparel and moisture-management materials, but their complex loop topology, yarn-level porosity, and interlayer hierarchy make simulation-oriented geometric modeling challenging. Conventional control-point and interpolated-curve methods often have limitations in representing knitting actions, maintaining yarn-path continuity, and generating meshable geometries. This study proposes a rule-driven geometric modeling method for polymer-fiber weft-knitted structures using the yarn centerline as the basic geometric carrier. Knitting actions, including knit, tuck, float, plating, and double-needle-bed assignment, are converted into reusable local path-generation rules and integrated through pattern-matrix input, action recognition, parametric centerline generation, continuous stitching, and standardized output. The method represents single-bed and double-bed structures within a unified framework, including plain, jacquard, plated, tuck, rib, interlock, half-cardigan, full-cardigan, and purl structures. Compared with an interpolated-curve method, the curvature-jump rate of four representative structures decreases from 40.78\u201369.23% to 0\u20130.31%, with markedly reduced maximum bending angles. Mesh-generation results show continuous meshes with improved element quality for complex double-bed structures. A moisture-transfer simulation of a fully plated plain-knitted structure gives one-way transport indices of \u2212122.3187 and 122.2472 for face- and back-side liquid entry, with relative errors of 1.74% and 0.50% compared with experiments. These results indicate that the proposed method provides reproducible and meshable geometric input for structure\u2013property modeling and moisture-transfer prediction of polymer-fiber knitted textiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18162026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulation-Oriented Rule-Driven Geometric Modeling of Polymer-Fiber Weft-Knitted Structures for Moisture-Transfer Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou 061000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8997-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Laboratory of Micro\/Nano Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222554","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2023.2222554","article-title":"Development and Investigation of Hybrid Knitted Structures for Sensorial Comfort Properties. Part I\u2014Tuck Stitches","volume":"20","author":"Basra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCST-05-2023-0073","article-title":"The effect of fabric structure on the pilling and abrasion resistance of interlock weft-knitted fabrics","volume":"36","author":"Asayesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175211073787","article-title":"Numerical simulation and experiment verified for heat transfer processes of high-property inorganic fiber woven fabrics","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2024.2337316","article-title":"Structural deformation dynamic simulation of weft knitted fabric basic stitch","volume":"116","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175241235950","article-title":"Yarn-level modeling and simulation of fancy weft-knitted fabric","volume":"94","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-022-3072-0","article-title":"Unidirectional Wettability Performances of Weft-knitted Fabric Based on Yarn Structure","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c01389","article-title":"Sweat Transmission Management of 3D Concave-Convex-Lattice Structure Weft Knitted Fabric","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41504","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c07080","article-title":"Bioinspired multilayered knitted fabric with directional water transport and collection for personal sweat management","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2025.102423","article-title":"Multi-level mechanical modeling and computational design framework for weft knitted fabrics","volume":"82","author":"Pasquier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983251334861","article-title":"A review on the hybrid polymer composites comprising natural fibre and nanomaterial reinforcement","volume":"59","author":"Fong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-022-00307-7","article-title":"Analysis of driving forces of 3D knitted shape memory textile actuators using scale-up finite element method","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fash. Text."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2025.102666","article-title":"A comprehensive review of natural fiber reinforced Polymer composites as emerging materials for sustainable applications","volume":"43","author":"Ajayi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seydibeyo\u011flu, M., Dogru, A., Wang, J.W., Rencheck, M., Han, Y., Wang, L., Seydibeyo\u011flu, E.A., Zhao, X.H., Ong, K., and Shatkin, J.A. (2023). Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040984"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2023.105011","article-title":"Compressive strength prediction of carbon fiber-reinforced pultruded profiles including realistic volumetric fiber orientations","volume":"104","author":"Ferguson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech.-A\/Solids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, J.L., Sultan, M.T.H., Ukaszewicz, A., J\u00f3zwik, J., Oksiuta, Z., and Shahar, F.S. (2025). Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Simulation and Modeling Approaches for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pipes: A Review. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18112466"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"54","article-title":"Geometrical Modelling of Jacquard Quilted Structures Weft Knitted Fabrics","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"123","article-title":"Geometrical Principles Applicable to the Design of Functional Fabrics","volume":"17","author":"Peirce","year":"1947","journal-title":"General. Inf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T49","DOI":"10.1080\/19447026008662670","article-title":"4-Models of The Plain-knitted Loop","volume":"51","author":"Lesf","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst. Trans."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCST-06-2022-0085","article-title":"Design and modeling of partial knitting knitted fabric based on matrix transformation","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2017.1396649","article-title":"Rheological Modeling of Tubular Weft Knitted Textiles","volume":"109","author":"Yekrang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517507082465","article-title":"Basic Studies for Modeling Complex Weft Knitted Fabric Structures Part III: A Geometrical Model for 1 \u00d7 1 Purl Fabrics","volume":"78","author":"Kurbak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"41","article-title":"Three-dimensional computer simulation of plain weft knitted fabric","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Text. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"37.1","article-title":"Stitch Meshes for Modeling Knitted Clothing with Yarn-level Detail","volume":"31","author":"Yukse","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2020.101883","article-title":"An Optimized Yarn-Level Geometric Model for Finite Element Analysis of Weft-Knitted Fabrics","volume":"80","author":"Wadekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2021.102024","article-title":"Geometric modeling of complex knitting stitches using a bicontinuous surface and its offsets","volume":"89","author":"Wadekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360664","article-title":"Simulating knitted cloth at the yarn level","volume":"27","author":"Kaldor","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-018-9702-4","article-title":"Nonlinear Multi-Scale Modelling, Simulation and Validation of 3D Knitted Textiles","volume":"25","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0074229","article-title":"Modelling the filtration efficiency of a woven fabric: The role of multiple lengthscales","volume":"34","author":"Anda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3043575","article-title":"Reference Correlations for Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Water at 0.1 MPa","volume":"38","author":"Hrub","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1285884","article-title":"Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen From 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa","volume":"29","author":"Lemmon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IJOT.0000022327.04529.f3","article-title":"Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air","volume":"25","author":"Lemmon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555688","article-title":"International Tables of the Surface Tension of Water","volume":"12","author":"Vargaftik","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108416","article-title":"Nonlinear isogeometric multiscale simulation for design and fabrication of functionally graded knitted textiles","volume":"202","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750507500111","article-title":"Moisture management tester: A method to characterize fabric liquid moisture management properties","volume":"75","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2011). Test Method for Liquid Moisture Management Properties of Textile Fabrics (Standard No. AATCC TM195-2011)."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/2026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:25:32Z","timestamp":1787300732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/16\/2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18162026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18162026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}