{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:27:50Z","timestamp":1787574470760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K00427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K00427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25K00427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K00427"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanical characteristics and the rupture behavior of dry paper and papers immersed in pure water or a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution were investigated by measuring the shape changes due to the immersion and by uniaxial tensile tests. The weight changes and dimensional changes for these samples due to the immersion were evaluated by the gravimetric method and image analysis, respectively. The absorption ratio of the paper was 2.3 for pure water, and it increased up to 2.7 with the CMC concentration. A deformation of 5% at maximum was observed in the direction perpendicular to the fiber orientation due to the absorption. All the samples demonstrated similar stress\u2013strain curves in the regions of linear viscoelasticity and plastic deformation. The peak stress, Young\u2019s modulus, and strain energy density of CMC wet paper showed lower values than those of water wet paper, while the peak strain was the same for both samples. Similar behavior was found in the cross direction, although the difference was not significant. These results strongly indicate that the penetration and adsorption of CMC molecules lead to a large expansion, resulting in the disentanglement of paper fibers and a significant reduction in the mechanical properties due to the strong fluid lubrication effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"2052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rupture Behavior of Paper Sheets Immersed in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Aqueous Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hussien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rentaro","family":"Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Yang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Modern Society and Culture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9562-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1355-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsu","family":"Mitsumata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.009","article-title":"Assessment of the composition and condition of animation cels made from cellulose acetate","volume":"107","author":"Giachet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. 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