{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:16:53Z","timestamp":1787894213295,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018925","name":"111 Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B20001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A6004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A6004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U24A6004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A6004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymeric antistatic additives offer improved resistance to migration compared with low-molecular-weight agents, but high loadings are generally required to establish effective charge-dissipation pathways in nonpolar polypropylene (PP). Herein, a series of quaternary ammonium salt-functionalized polyamide 6\/polyethylene glycol elastomers (QASPA6PEG) was synthesized by melt copolymerization and used as multifunctional antistatic additives for PP. Increasing the nominal QAS content decreased the surface resistivity of the elastomers from 3.24 \u00d7 109 \u03a9 to 9.71 \u00d7 108 \u03a9. The elastomers were subsequently melt-blended with PP at loadings of 10\u201320 wt% using maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylene as a compatibilizer. The surface resistivity of the blends decreased with increasing QAS content and elastomer loading, consistent with the formation of increasingly interconnected ion-conducting domains. The blend containing 20 wt% 0.4QASPA6PEG exhibited surface resistivities of 3.64 \u00d7 1011 \u03a9 and 4.69 \u00d7 1010 \u03a9 on days 0 and 60, respectively. Its saturated water absorption reached 4.38%, compared with 0.27% for neat PP, supporting a moisture-assisted ionic conduction mechanism. The measured bromine content remained nearly unchanged after 60 days of storage, indicating limited loss of the QAS-containing component. In addition to improving charge dissipation, QASPA6PEG enhanced the ductility and impact resistance of PP. At a loading of 20 wt%, 0.4QASPA6PEG increased the elongation at break from 358 \u00b1 23% to 690 \u00b1 81% and the notched impact strength from 3.16 \u00b1 0.37 to 4.93 \u00b1 0.45 kJm\u22122. These results demonstrate that covalently introducing ionic structures into PA6\/PEG elastomers is an effective strategy for coupling antistatic modification with toughening in PP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1787741963000},"page":"2072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Functionalized PA6-Based Elastomer as an Efficient Antistatic Additive for Polypropylene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5059-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1021\/ma100209d","article-title":"Synthesis of functionalized isotactic polypropylene dielectrics for electric energy storage applications","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh0993","article-title":"Chemical upcycling of polyethylene, polypropylene, and mixtures to high-value surfactants","volume":"381","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c01221","article-title":"Low-temperature-toughened polypropylene blends with highly packed elastomeric domains","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18305","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04921","article-title":"Glass-fiber networks as an orbit for ions: Fabrication of excellent antistatic PP\/GF composites with extremely low organic salt loadings","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(00)00021-5","article-title":"Percolation network in polyolefins containing antistatic additives: Imaging by low-voltage scanning electron microscopy","volume":"68","author":"Dudler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107649","article-title":"Ionic liquids as antistatic additives for polymer composites\u2014A review","volume":"112","author":"Rykowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083719850834","article-title":"Enhanced antistatic properties of polyethylene film\/polypropylene-coated non-woven fabrics by compound of hot-melt adhesive and polymer antistatic agent","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.06.027","article-title":"Grafting poly(3-hexylthiophene) to the surface of polypropylene using oxidative polymerization","volume":"121","author":"Hai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26576","article-title":"Structural, electrical, and electromagnetic shielding properties of nanocarbon-coated glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene","volume":"43","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2009.15","article-title":"Effects of antistatic agent on the mechanical, morphological and antistatic properties of polypropylene\/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites","volume":"3","author":"Chow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(02)00076-3","article-title":"Electrical and impact properties of the hybrid knitted inlaid fabric reinforced polypropylene composites","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2004.03.010","article-title":"Improving the antistatic ability of polypropylene fibers by inner antistatic agent filled with carbon nanotubes","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5978","article-title":"Research progress of antistatic-reinforced polymer materials: A review","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117891","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle-decorated coal gasification fine slag porous microbeads and their application in antistatic polypropylene composites","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.05.105","article-title":"Antistatic modification of polypropylene by incorporating Tween\/modified Tween","volume":"258","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36620","article-title":"Permanent antistatic polypropylene based on polyethylene wax\/polypropylene wax grafting sodium acrylate","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c00443","article-title":"Lightweight antistatic thermoplastic elastomer blend foam: The foaming behavior and mechanical properties","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4285","article-title":"Permanently antistatic and high transparent PMMA terpolymer: Compatilizer, antistatic agent, and the antistatic mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20199","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c03415","article-title":"One-step synthesis of a novel intrinsically flame-retardant thermoplastic polyamide 6 elastomer: Structure, properties, and spinnability","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9832","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06285","article-title":"Study on chain extension blending modification and foaming behavior of thermoplastic polyamide elastomer","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100568","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202100568","article-title":"Thermoplastic polyamide elastomers: Synthesis, structures\/properties, and applications","volume":"306","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY00068A","article-title":"Facile synthesis of polyamide 6 (PA6)-based thermoplastic elastomers with a well-defined microphase separation structure by melt polymerization","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08244","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds: A chemical class of emerging concern","volume":"57","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c00833","article-title":"Fabrication of permanent antistatic PMMA copolymer for enhanced antistatic and mechanical properties","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/apmc.1995.052240116","article-title":"Antistatic modification of synthetic fibers by blend-spinning of polymers containing zwitterionic antistatic modifiers and their copolymers","volume":"224","author":"Sano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angew. Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.01.010","article-title":"Interfacial designing of PP\/GF composites by binary incorporation of MAH-g-PP and lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide: Towards high-strength composites with excellent antistatic performance","volume":"156","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2009). Plastics\u2014Polyamides\u2014Part 1: Determination of Viscosity Number (Standard No. GB\/T 12006.1-2009)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2008). Plastics\u2014Determination of Izod Impact Strength (Standard No. GB\/T 1843-2008)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019). Solid Insulating Materials\u2014Dielectric and Resistive Properties\u2014Part 3: Resistive Properties (DC Methods)\u2014Surface Resistance and Surface Resistivity (Standard No. GB\/T 31838.3-2019)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2008). Plastics\u2014Determination of Water Absorption (Standard No. GB\/T 1034-2008)."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/17\/2072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1787891022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/17\/2072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18172072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18172072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}