{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:33Z","timestamp":1787980713723,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007503","name":"Istanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IKU-BAP2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IKU-BAP2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IKU-BAP2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IKU-BAP2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jvrwv37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing interest in bio-based and bioactive materials, as well as sustainable production techniques, has driven the development of multifunctional hybrid systems. This study reports the fabrication of novel microcapsules with a double-layer alginate\u2013PEG\u2013chitosan shell, with or without a core, via coaxial electrospraying, followed by ionotropic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation. PEG1000 and PEG1500 were incorporated into the shell as phase change materials, and thyme oil\u2013oleic acid served as a hydrophobic bioactive core. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses confirmed the structural integrity and effective shell\u2013core integration. Thermogravimetric analyses showed enhanced thermal stability in double-layer alginate\u2013PEG\u2013chitosan biopolymer network shell and thyme oil included core system, with a delayed degradation up to 370.0 \u00b0C and reduced mass loss compared to the alginate\u2013chitosan control sample. Differential scanning calorimetry over ten heating\u2013cooling cycles demonstrated significant phase transition enthalpies (70.5\u201391.8 J\u00b7g\u22121 at 37.6\u201348.5 \u00b0C), confirming efficient thermal energy storage and release governed by the PEG content. Aqueous suspensions prepared from microcapsules exhibited reversible temperature-dependent swelling\u2013deswelling behavior between 20.0 and 55.0 \u00b0C, governed by hydrogel properties of the alginate\u2013chitosan shell interactions. The microcapsules exhibited pronounced pH-dependent swelling (enhanced at pH 7.0), high water solubility, and good antioxidant activity. These findings highlight the broad application potential of bio-based shell\u2013core microcapsules, e.g., active food packaging, biomedical dressings, protective coatings, pharmaceutical and biomedical delivery systems and functional textiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preparation of Multifunctional Alginate\u2013PEG\u2013Chitosan Double Shell and Thyme Oil\u2013Oleic Acid Core Microcapsules via Coaxial Electrospraying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emel","family":"Onder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Textile Technologies and Design, Istanbul Technical University, Gumussuyu, Istanbul 34437, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sena","family":"Saritop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr University, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul 34156, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihal","family":"Sarier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr University, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul 34156, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Spectroscopy@IKU, IKU-SPECTRA Molecular Sciences and Spectroscopy Applied Research Center, Istanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr University, Atakoy Campus, Bak\u0131rkoy, Istanbul 34156, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00776","article-title":"Microencapsulation for pharmaceutical applications: A review","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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