{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:21:18Z","timestamp":1788337278863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province","award":["YJS2026YBGZZ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJS2026YBGZZ03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009101","name":"Education Department of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252300420051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300420051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["252300420051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300420051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xvf9d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the deformation of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-P) geomembranes (GMBs) on uniform cushions and flat-rounded gravel cushions using a self-developed testing apparatus for GMB deformation and a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner. Based on the principle of square voids equivalent to circles, the void width\u2013depth ratio was adopted to quantify voids within granular cushions. The models between strain and void width\u2013depth ratio, as well as gradation parameters, were established. The gradation parameters of flat-rounded gravel cushions satisfying the deformation requirements were determined for GMBs as anti-seepage materials in basins of pumped storage power stations. The results demonstrate that the areal strain of the PVC-P GMB is consistently greater than its linear strain for uniform cushions. From the perspective of engineering safety, the areal strain is recommended to characterize the deformation of PVC-P GMBs. The GMB areal strain on flat-rounded gravel cushions exhibits an allometric function with the width\u2013depth ratio and non-uniformity coefficient, and an Exp2P function with the maximum limiting particle size, with all determination coefficients exceeding 0.99. Based on the areal strain less than 20% of its elastic strain threshold, the granular cushion should satisfy a non-uniformity coefficient in the range of 15.3 to 20.7, and the maximum limiting particle size is between 4.75 and 23.54 mm, the PVC-P GMB can maintain elastic deformation behavior, which extends its service life in practical engineering. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the local deformation behavior of PVC-P GMBs on cushion layers. The gradation parameters satisfying the deformation requirements for particle cushion layers provide technical guidance for cushion layer design for the application of PVC-P GMBs in pumped storage power stations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1788335591000},"page":"2137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Local Strain of PVC-P Geomembranes Induced by Particle Cushion Layers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kefan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shengyi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Baishan Hydropower Plant, Songhua River Hydropower Co., Ltd., Jilin 132404, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zikuo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICOLD (2010). 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[Master\u2019s Thesis, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power]."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/17\/2137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:00:46Z","timestamp":1788336046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/17\/2137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18172137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18172137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}