{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:23:22Z","timestamp":1788341002093,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23484897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23484897"]}]},{"award":["AP23484897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23484897"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs has emerged as a promising alternative for increasing local drug concentrations whilst minimising side effects. Natural polymers\u2014polysaccharides capable of forming polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) through electrostatic interactions\u2014show great promise in this field. In this study, mucoadhesive chitosan-gellan gum nanoparticles were developed for the controlled release of isoniazid using the polyelectrolyte complex coacervation method. Parameters such as the chitosan-to-gellan gum ratio and the medium pH were investigated to achieve suitable particle size, polydispersity, surface charge, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The morphology of the produced nanoparticles was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), which confirmed the formation of nanoscale spherical particles. The mucoadhesive properties were tested on ovine lung tissue using fluorescence retention analysis, whilst in vitro drug release was studied under physiological conditions. Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was assessed using the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) system, followed by subculturing on L\u00f6wenstein\u2013Jensen medium. The produced nanoparticles exhibited high mucoadhesion, maintaining prolonged retention on lung tissue. Drug release showed an initial burst followed by sustained release over 24 h. These results demonstrate that CSGG\u2013INH nanoparticles possess sustained drug release, good mucoadhesion to the lungs and high antimycobacterial activity, supporting their further development as potential carriers for pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1788339361000},"page":"2139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chitosan-Gellan Gum Nanoparticles for Antituberculosis Drug Encapsulation: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yerkeblan","family":"Tazhbayev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5403-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siu-Yin","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aldana","family":"Galiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1528-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Slouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libor","family":"Kostka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tolkyn","family":"Zhumagaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lyazzat","family":"Zhaparova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arailym","family":"Daribay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Issues, Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3039-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alibi","family":"Kaziyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre of Phthisiopulmonology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025). 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