{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:48Z","timestamp":1788844248048,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ORF-2026-789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-789"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bulk-fill resin composites have limitations regarding depth of cure and often lack bioactive functionality, which may compromise their long-term clinical performance. Purpose: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of incorporating niobium-doped nanofibers (Nb-NFs) on the physicomechanical properties and bioactive potential of an experimental low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite. Methods: Three groups were investigated: BF (experimental resin; negative control), BFflow-fiber (experimental resin containing 1 wt% Nb-NFs), and S-PRG (commercial bioactive resin; positive control). Surface hardness (SH) was measured on the top and bottom surfaces using Knoop microhardness testing (n = 6), and depth of cure (DoC) was calculated as the bottom-to-top hardness ratio, with a value of \u226580% considered acceptable. Surface roughness (SR; n = 6) was assessed using profilometry. Mineral deposition was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after 21 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey\u2019s test (p &lt; 0.05). Results: The incorporation of Nb-NFs significantly increased SH on both surfaces (p &lt; 0.05) but reduced DoC (p &lt; 0.05). FTIR revealed phosphate bands characteristic of calcium phosphate formation, while XRD indicated initial apatite nucleation. Surface roughness remained comparable to that of the control groups. Conclusions: Nb-NFs represent a promising reinforcement strategy for bioactive bulk-fill composites; however, further optimisation is required to improve the depth of cure before clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18172170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"2170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Niobium-Doped Nanofiber Reinforcement of Low-Viscosity Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: Physicomechanical Properties and Mineral Deposition Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mariana Souza","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University (FOAr-UNESP), Humait\u00e1, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana Rita de Lima","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies (IET), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rafael Francisco Lia","family":"Mondelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\/USP), Alameda Dr. Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universit\u00e1ria, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Alhijji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9111-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nair Cristina","family":"Brondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences of Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marilia Mattar de Amo\u00eado Campos","family":"Velo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University (FOAr-UNESP), Humait\u00e1, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-022-00308-x","article-title":"Clinical performance of resin composite restorations","volume":"9","author":"Moraes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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