{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1788869388639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, energy storage devices have had a lower energy density for supercapacitor devices. Fortunately, certain drawbacks limit the liquid-based battery-type aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitor electrodes. For this reason, zinc\u2013manganese (Zn-Mn)-based zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) have been designed using a manganese-dioxide-functionalized carbon nanotube (MnO2\u2013f-MWCNT) battery-type cathode in a semi-solid gel\u2013free-standing film electrolyte. Herein, as-prepared MnO2\u2013MWCNTs are synthesized and assembled for nanostructured cathode composite materials by a facile hydrothermal technique. In this work, MnO2 nanorods with f-MWCNTs are applied to the electrode, resulting in a semi-solid-state gel film electrolyte realized by assembling the Zn-Mn hybrid capacitor. The materials\u2019 physical\u2013chemical conformation and their unique characteristics, crystalline structures, and different morphologies are studied through XRD, FE-SEM, FE-TEM, and XPS analysis. In this work, the design of major-source MnO2-based materials for positive and battery-type zinc metal anode approaches, along with the electrochemical properties of MnO2\u2013MWCNT\/\/Zn hybrid charge storage mechanisms, are evaluated. The coin-cell-type ZIHSC investigation of cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves and lower constant current charge\/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) methods is also carried out. In addition, the maximum specific capacitance values, 339.98 mAh\/g and 203.52 mAh\/g, were observed for MnO2\u2013MWCNT\/\/Zn and MnO2\/\/Zn at 0.2 mA\/g, respectively. Finally, the higher cycling stability of MnO2\u2212f-MWCNT of a 94.15% capacity retention after 15,000 cycles was evaluated and compared to MnO2\/\/Zn of 73.05% retention in ZIHSC device applications. The assessment of electrochemical MnO2 cathode-based Zn-Mn ZIHSC performance is applicable for future aqueous electrical energy storage devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:23:51Z","timestamp":1788866631000},"page":"2184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing Polymer Semi-Solid-State Gel Electrolyte with High-Performance Aqueous Zn-Mn Battery-Type Hybrid Capacitor Device for MnO2\u2013MWCNT Cathode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vediyappan","family":"Thirumal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perumal","family":"Rajivgandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College, Bharathidasan University, Puthanampatti, Trichy 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213003","article-title":"True performance metrics in electrochemical energy storage","volume":"334","author":"Gogotsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153645","article-title":"Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges","volume":"822","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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