{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:10:58Z","timestamp":1788876658292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23489409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23489409"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR27199103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR27199103"]}]},{"award":["AP23489409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23489409"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BR27199103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR27199103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based plastics have stimulated the development of renewable and biodegradable alternatives. In this study, corn-starch-based composite films were prepared with bacterial cellulose (BC), \u03b1-cellulose (\u03b1-C), or carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNC) in the presence of laponite and glycerol. The films were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, optical measurements at 600 nm, tensile testing, qualitative solvent-exposure tests, and thermally induced repair experiments. Among the films containing different cellulose types, the bacterial-cellulose-containing bioplastic (BC-BP) exhibited the highest tensile strength and Young\u2019s modulus, reaching 4.47 and 0.229 MPa, respectively. The carboxylated-cellulose-nanofiber-containing bioplastic (CNC-BP) showed the highest elongation at break (100%) and the lowest thickness-normalized optical attenuation (0.38 mm\u22121), whereas the \u03b1-cellulose-containing bioplastic (\u03b1-C-BP) exhibited the highest maximum degradation-rate temperature (approximately 315 \u00b0C). Increasing the BC content from 0.25 to 1.0 g increased tensile strength from 3.17 \u00b1 0.13 to 7.78 \u00b1 0.31 MPa and Young\u2019s modulus from 0.260 \u00b1 0.002 to 0.996 \u00b1 0.009 MPa. This increase was accompanied by a reduction in elongation at break from 41 \u00b1 1.6% to 16 \u00b1 0.6%. The BC-BP films retained their visible integrity after exposure to selected organic solvents but underwent substantial changes under strongly acidic and alkaline conditions. Following thermally induced repair, the BC-BP film recovered approximately 55% of its tensile strength and 45% of its Young\u2019s modulus while retaining an elongation at break close to that of the original film. These results demonstrate that cellulose type and BC content can be used to adjust the measured thermal, optical, mechanical, and repair properties of starch\u2013cellulose\u2013Laponite films. Further structural, barrier, migration, and food-contact safety evaluations are required to establish their suitability for packaging applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"2190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Cellulose- and Laponite-Reinforced Corn Starch Bioplastics for Sustainable Packaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rysgul","family":"Tuleyeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nargiz","family":"Gizatullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Shakhvorostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology, Almaty 050019, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2551-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanserik","family":"Shynykul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaukhar","family":"Toleutay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21001","article-title":"Sustainable Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":"540","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.10.004","article-title":"Biodegradable, Hygienic, and Compostable Tableware from Hybrid Sugarcane and Bamboo Fibers as Plastic Alternative","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamage, A., Thiviya, P., Mani, S., Ponnusamy, P.G., Manamperi, A., Evon, P., Merah, O., and Madhujith, T. 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