{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:08:16Z","timestamp":1789103296580,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministry of Education Youth and Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008590 Waste as an alternative source of energy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008590 Waste as an alternative source of energy"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008590 Waste as an alternative source of energy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008590 Waste as an alternative source of energy"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037n8p820","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) intended for food-contact applications contains complex mixtures of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) originating from polymer degradation, recycling, packaging-related inputs, and external contamination. Although non-targeted analytical techniques can characterise these complex chemical fingerprints, a standardised framework for their systematic interpretation is lacking. This study introduces a literature-informed, pattern-based framework for interpreting Py-GC\/MS fingerprints of commercial PET bottles. Twenty-two commercial PET beverage bottles were analysed by pyrolysis\u2013gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (Py-GC\/MS), and detected compounds were organised into four diagnostic profile groups: PET transformation products (C-PET), packaging-associated compounds (E-PS\/PVC\/FCM), mixed-origin compounds (M-MIX), and condensed aromatic structures (A-AROM). Principal component analysis and a composite Quality Index (QI) were used to evaluate chemical variability. PET transformation products formed a consistent chemical baseline across all samples, whereas chemical variability was primarily associated with packaging-associated compounds and condensed aromatic structures. Bottles containing 100% rPET spanned the full range of chemical profiles, suggesting that the observed variability may be influenced more strongly by feedstock quality, packaging-related inputs, and processing history than by declared recycled content alone. The proposed framework enables a systematic interpretation of Py-GC\/MS fingerprints through diagnostic chemical patterns rather than unique source attribution of individual compounds. The proposed framework provides a scalable methodology for comparative evaluation of recycled PET. It highlights that improving chemical quality requires controlling feedstock purity, packaging-related contamination, and processing conditions rather than relying solely on recycled content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:46:04Z","timestamp":1788885964000},"page":"2194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical Variability of Recycled PET Bottles Driven by Packaging Inputs and Processing History: A Marker-Based Multivariate Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Raclavsk\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kucbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"R\u016f\u017ei\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"\u0160v\u00e9dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5367-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Slamov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Foreign Languages, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, September 03). Plastic Europe the Circular Economy for Plastics. Available online: https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/the-circular-economy-for-plastics-a-european-analysis-2024\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SU00658E","article-title":"Chemical Degradation and Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): A Review","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2024.100673","article-title":"Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycling: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Azat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126373","article-title":"Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) in Recycled Plastics","volume":"251","author":"Horodytska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, L.S., and Conte-Junior, C.A. (2021). Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13132077"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s44462-025-00008-6","article-title":"Review of Risk Substances in the Recycling of Food Contact Materials-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)","volume":"1","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Prod. Process. Storage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culler\u00e9, L., Sang\u00fcesa, E., Lomba, L., Ribate, M.P., Zuriaga, E., and Garc\u00eda, C.B. (2025). A Systematic Review: Migration of Chemical Compounds from Plastic Material Containers in Food and Pharmaceutical Fields. J. Xenobiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15060194"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreier, V.N., Odermatt, A., and Welle, F. (2022). Migration Modeling as a Valuable Tool for Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Oligomers. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010173"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105328","article-title":"Unveiling Incidental Contamination of Recycled PET for Food Contact: Safety Insights and Ongoing Challenges","volume":"165","author":"Tsochatzis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"100163","article-title":"Assessment of Chemical Risks and Circular Economy Implications of Recycled PET in Food Packaging with Functional Barriers","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Commission (2022). Commission Regulation (EU) 2022\/1616 of 15 September 2022 on recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 282\/2008. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 243, 3\u201346."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Lambr\u00e9, C., Barat Baviera, J.M., Bolognesi, C., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P.S., Crebelli, R., Gott, D.M., Grob, K., and Mengelers, M. (2024). Scientific Guidance on the Criteria for the Evaluation and on the Preparation of Applications for the Safety Assessment of Post-consumer Mechanical PET Recycling Processes Intended to Be Used for Manufacture of Materials and Articles in Contact with Food. EFS2, 22, e8879.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8879"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2023.101227","article-title":"Untargeted Screening of NIAS and Cyclic Oligomers Migrating from Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Food Trays","volume":"41","author":"Colombo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111469","article-title":"Novel Selection of Recycled PET Surrogates Based on Non-Targeted Screening of Non-Intentionally Added Substances and Chemometrics","volume":"206","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145073","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Plastic Additives Using Pyrolysis-GC\/MS: A Review","volume":"773","author":"Akoueson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04671-1","article-title":"Previous Successes and Untapped Potential of Pyrolysis\u2013GC\/MS for the Analysis of Plastic Pollution","volume":"415","author":"Seeley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111175","article-title":"Exploring Pyrolysis Mechanism of Waste PET in Different Degrees of Polymerization to Regulate the Pyrolysis Products","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldoveanu, S.C. (2020). Analytical Pyrolysis of Natural Organic Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818571-1.00012-1"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tsuge, S., Ohtani, H., and Watanabe, C. (2011). Pyrolysis-GC\/MS Data Book of Synthetic Polymers: Pyrograms, Thermograms and MS of Pyrolyzates, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.20SAR04","article-title":"Latest Trends in Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography for Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis of Plastics","volume":"37","author":"Kumagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.105937","article-title":"A Thermoanalytical Insight into the Composition of Biodegradable Polymers and Commercial Products by EGA-MS and Py-GC-MS","volume":"171","author":"Nacci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, Y.-J., Kang, D.-H., Park, H.-J., Lee, J.-H., and Shim, J.-K. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Life Cycle Assessment Studies for Polyethylene Terephthalate Water Bottle System. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020535"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01375-5","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate Packaging: An Overview","volume":"27","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AY41907J","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santomasi, G., Todaro, F., Petrella, A., Notarnicola, M., and Thoden Van Velzen, E.U. (2024). Mechanical Recycling of PET Multi-Layer Post-Consumer Packaging: Effects of Impurity Content. Recycling, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling9050093"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23620","article-title":"Understanding Intentionally and Non-Intentionally Added Substances and Associated Threshold of Toxicological Concern in Post-Consumer Polyolefin for Use as Food Packaging Materials","volume":"10","author":"Tumu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Saisana, M., and Tarantola, S. (2002). State-of-the-Art Report on Current Methodologies and Practices for Composite Indicator Development, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.2489","article-title":"Effect of Recycled Content and rPET Quality on the Properties of PET Bottles, Part II: Migration","volume":"33","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02585.x","article-title":"Beyond the Venn Diagram: The Hunt for a Core Microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Shade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achilias, D. (2012). Recent Advances in the Chemical Recycling of Polymers (PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PVC, PC, Nylon, PMMA). Material Recycling\u2014Trends and Perspectives, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2003"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SU00485J","article-title":"Molecular and Material Property Variations during the Ideal Degradation and Mechanical Recycling of PET","volume":"2","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-025-03544-1","article-title":"Investigating Polyethylene Terephthalate Beverage Packaging: Impact of Recycled Content on Acetaldehyde, Benzene, and Other Contaminants","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112373","article-title":"Migration of Substances from Food Contact Plastic Materials into Foodstuff and Their Implications for Human Exposure","volume":"154","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38623","article-title":"Determination of the Activation Energies of Diffusion of Organic Molecules in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)","volume":"128","author":"Ewender","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.04.009","article-title":"Twenty Years of PET Bottle to Bottle Recycling-An Overview","volume":"55","author":"Welle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.10079","article-title":"How about Alternatives to Phthalate Plasticizers?","volume":"9","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vinyl Addit. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2009.06.004","article-title":"Recycling and Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW): A Review","volume":"29","author":"Lettieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122464","article-title":"Reduction of Polycyclic Compounds and Biphenyls Generated by Pyrolysis of Industrial Plastic Waste by Using Supported Metal Catalysts: A Case Study of Polyethylene Terephthalate Treatment","volume":"392","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.786189","article-title":"Migration of Mineral Oil, Photoinitiators and Plasticisers from Recycled Paperboard into Dry Foods: A Study under Controlled Conditions","volume":"30","author":"Biedermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.B., Shaikh, S., Jain, K.R., Desai, C., and Madamwar, D. (2020). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.562813"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Flick, E.W. (1998). Industrial Solvents Handbook, Noyes Data Corp. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-022-03474-x","article-title":"Migration of Plasticizers from Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-Density Polyethylene Casing into Bottled Water: A Case Study from India","volume":"109","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04400-z","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Films Used for Food Contact Applications","volume":"250","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, T., and Wang, Q. (2023). Study on Thermal Degradation Processes of Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics Using the Kinetics and Artificial Neural Networks Models. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020496"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2025.108280","article-title":"A Systematic Review of PET Circularity Technologies and Management Strategies: Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"219","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2011.09.011","article-title":"Diffusion Coefficients and Activation Energies of Diffusion of Low Molecular Weight Migrants in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Bottles","volume":"31","author":"Welle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015","article-title":"Overview of Known Plastic Packaging-Associated Chemicals and Their Hazards","volume":"651","author":"Groh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2025.466433","article-title":"Occurrence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Recycled PET: Implications for Food Packaging Materials","volume":"1763","author":"Montuori","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.05.005","article-title":"Food Packaging in the Circular Economy: Overview of Chemical Safety Aspects for Commonly Used Materials","volume":"193","author":"Geueke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2021.2012599","article-title":"Guidance in Selecting Analytical Techniques for Identification and Quantification of Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCMS)","volume":"39","author":"Bourdoux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164954","article-title":"Effect of Temperature and Sunlight on the Leachability Potential of BPA and Phthalates from Plastic Litter under Marine Conditions","volume":"894","author":"Dimassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09925-4","article-title":"Migration of Phthalates from PET Water Bottle in Events of Repeated Uses and Associated Risk Assessment","volume":"27","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1021\/acsengineeringau.5c00055","article-title":"Intrinsic Kinetics of Polyethylene Terephthalate Pyrolysis via Micropyrolysis and Multivariate Chromatographic Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Perez","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Eng. Au"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128410","article-title":"Unpacking the Complexity of the PET Drink Bottles Value Chain: A Chemicals Perspective","volume":"430","author":"Gerassimidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104841","article-title":"A Review on Challenges and Developments of Analytical Pyrolysis and Other Thermoanalytical Techniques for the Quali-Quantitative Determination of Microplastics","volume":"149","author":"Biale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lestido Cardama, A., Send\u00f3n, R., Bustos, J., Santillana, M.I., Paseiro Losada, P., and Rodr\u00edguez Bernaldo De Quir\u00f3s, A. (2019). GC-MS Screening for the Identification of Potential Migrants Present in Polymeric Coatings of Food Cans. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11122086"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:46:36Z","timestamp":1789101996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18182194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18182194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}