{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:06:45Z","timestamp":1788944805933,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly filled flowable resin composites have been developed to improve the mechanical and esthetic performance of conventional flowable materials, but their long-term behavior under different aging conditions remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated the effects of thermocycling and food-simulating liquids on the surface roughness and color stability of five highly filled flowable resin composites with a nanohybrid flowable composite included as a reference material. A total of 240 cylindrical specimens were randomly assigned to thermocycling, 10% citric acid, n-heptane, or 75% ethanol groups (n = 10 per material and protocol). Surface roughness was measured before and after aging, and color change (\u0394E*ab) was determined after subsequent immersion in coffee solution. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the main effects of material and aging protocol and their interaction, followed by Tukey\u2019s post hoc test for multiple comparisons (\u03b1 = 0.05). Aging-related changes in surface roughness and color stability varied according to both the material and aging protocol. Significant material \u00d7 aging-protocol interactions were observed for both \u0394Ra and \u0394E*ab (p &lt; 0.001). GrandioSO Heavy Flow showed the greatest increase in surface roughness after ethanol and n-heptane aging and the highest mean \u0394E*ab values under each aging condition, whereas Neo-Spectra ST Flow showed the highest mean \u0394Ra after thermocycling, and G-\u00e6nial Universal Injectable showed the highest mean \u0394Ra after citric acid exposure. These findings indicate that the aging response of highly filled flowable resin composites is material-dependent and provide insight into their relative behavior under different laboratory aging conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:05:43Z","timestamp":1788941143000},"page":"2196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Food-Simulating Liquids and Thermocycling on Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Highly Filled Flowable Resin Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6154-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihat Can","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alper","family":"Kaptan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.020","article-title":"Resin composite\u2014State of the art","volume":"27","author":"Ferracane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. 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