{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:25Z","timestamp":1789103185184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FRGS-EC\/1\/2024\/STG04\/UITM\/02\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS-EC\/1\/2024\/STG04\/UITM\/02\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013646","name":"PETRONAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTR-00022748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTR-00022748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) is an important intermediate for ashless dispersant additives used in lubricant formulations, where conversion and exo-selectivity strongly influence product performance. In this work, the thermal synthesis of PIBSA derived from highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB) 1300 and 2300 was systematically investigated using a full factorial experimental design to evaluate the effects of feed molar ratio, reaction temperature, and stirring rate on conversion and exo-PIBSA yield. Structural confirmation was performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and saponification value analysis. HR-PIB 1300 achieved conversions of 60\u201394%, while HR-PIB 2300 achieved conversions of 75\u201388% under the investigated conditions. A clear molecular-weight-dependent trade-off between conversion and exo-selectivity was observed. For PIBSA 1300, higher temperatures increased conversion but reduced selectivity, resulting in exo-PIBSA yields of 24\u201356%. In contrast, PIBSA 2300 achieved yields of up to 71%, highlighting the importance of mixing and mass-transfer effects in higher-viscosity systems. These findings demonstrate that optimal thermal maleation conditions are strongly dependent on polymer molecular weight and provide mechanistic insight for future optimization of industrial PIBSA production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Molecular Weight on Conversion and exo-Selectivity in Thermal PIBSA Synthesis from Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6897-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syafiqa Mohd.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd, Lot 3288,3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9936-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Shalabi","family":"Md. Sauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd, Lot 3288,3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Fazli","family":"Mohammat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fatin Nur Amira","family":"Mohammad Hejemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6321-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mifzal Mohamad","family":"Nazrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Karimah","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Zafir","family":"Romli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Characterization Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Putri Nur Arina","family":"Mohd Ariff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Faiza","family":"Mohd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Characterization Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Hidayah","family":"Pungot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimi Suhaily","family":"Saaidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Agustono","family":"Wibowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3195-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Faizzudin","family":"Mat Piah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd, Lot 3288,3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1990-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamali","family":"Basar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd, Lot 3288,3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rudnick, L.R. (2020). Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zdemir, E., Kan, E., Guo, B., Pashkovski, E., Agiral, A., and Yildirim, E. (2025). The Role of Polyisobutylene-Bis-Succinimide (PIBSI) Dispersants in Lubricant Oils on the Deposit Control Mechanism. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17081041"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.2c00207","article-title":"Rate of Formation of Industrial Lubricant Additive Precursors from Maleic Anhydride and Polyisobutylene","volume":"26","author":"Streets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200061","DOI":"10.1002\/mren.202200061","article-title":"Current Status and Perspectives on the Green Synthesis of Succinic Polyesters for Value-Added Applications","volume":"17","author":"Gucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. React. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.28575","article-title":"Established and Emerging Strategies for Polymer Chain-End Modification","volume":"55","author":"Lunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Haldar, U., and De, P. (2021). Block Copolymer Synthesis by the Combination of Living Cationic Polymerization and Other Polymerization Methods. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.644547"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162889","article-title":"Suppressing Undesired Solid Byproducts Formation in Maleic Anhydride Processing","volume":"513","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frasca, F., and Duhamel, J. (2023). Characterization of Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) and Its PIBSI Products from the Reaction of PIBSA with Hexamethylene Diamine. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102350"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03538-8","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Polyisobutylene-Based Dispersants from Polyisobutylene Succinimides","volume":"79","author":"Amiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.02.028","article-title":"Melt Fracture of Polyisobutylenes","volume":"60","author":"Chatzigiannakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700352","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201700352","article-title":"Manipulation of Molecular Weight Distribution Shape as a New Strategy to Control Processing Parameters","volume":"38","author":"Nadgorny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219633611006670","article-title":"Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study on Controlling Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Theor. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C. (2020). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Wiley. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C., and Anderson-Cook, C.M. (2016). Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, Wiley. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2025). Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products (Standard No. STM D94-25)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21608\/absb.2019.67888","article-title":"Comparative Analytical Study of Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride-Modified Triethanolamine Emulsifier","volume":"30","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Bull. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY02131J","article-title":"Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene in Toluene: Toward Well-Defined Exo-Olefin-Terminated Medium-Molecular-Weight Polyisobutylenes under Mild Conditions","volume":"8","author":"Vasilenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.634-638.541","article-title":"Kinetic Study of the Diels\u2013Alder Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Maleate","volume":"634\u2013638","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37742","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01185J","article-title":"Study of the Diels\u2013Alder and Retro-Diels\u2013Alder Reaction between Furan Derivatives and Maleimide for the Creation of New Materials","volume":"5","author":"Froidevaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-013-3541-1","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties of New Flavor Compounds","volume":"116","author":"Worzakowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:22:56Z","timestamp":1789100576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18182197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18182197","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}