{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:03:21Z","timestamp":1789621401356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is a versatile platform for solid-phase analytical chemistry because of its chemically transformable nitrile groups, mechanical robust-ness, and favourable fibre morphology. This review critically examines PAN-based fi-brous sorbents for sorption\u2013spectroscopic analysis (SSA) of toxic metal ions, focusing on polyamine-modified PAN\/polyethylenepolyamine\/1,2-dichloroethane (PPD) and PAN\/polyethylenepolyamine\/acrylonitrile (PPA) matrices, iminodiacetate-containing fibrous ion-exchange (FIBAN) fibres, triethanolamine-modified PAN (PAN-T), and electrospun amidoximated PAN nanofibres (AOPAN). Relationships among polymer composition, fibre morphology, surface functionalisation, reagent immobilisation, ion transport, and optical response are evaluated with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, stability, reuse, and practical applicability. Particular attention is given to electrostat-ic\/physical versus covalent immobilisation, matrix interference, and the distinction between adsorption capacity and direct solid-phase optical performance. Representa-tive systems include PPD\u2013Arsenazo III for Pb(II), with a minimum detectable concen-tration of 0.24 \u03bcg L\u22121, and AMADA immobilised on a polyeth-ylene-polyamine-modified PAN matrix for Mn(II), with a reported determination limit of 0.02 \u03bcg mL\u22121. The review also considers sustainability, automation, nanostructured architectures, additive manufacturing, and portable optical detection. Current evi-dence indicates that no single PAN architecture is universally superior; future progress requires improved sorbent standardisation, systematic interference and leaching stud-ies, reproducible optical calibration, and validation under realistic sample conditions. Fibre diameter and porosity are also discussed as coupled determinants of diffusion, scattering, and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"2218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyacrylonitrile-Based Fibrous Sorbents for Sorption\u2013Spectroscopic Determination of Class I\u2013III Toxic Metal Ions: Structure, Functionalisation, and Analytical Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9904-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Nurlybayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinara","family":"Omarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulaykho","family":"Smanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaukhar","family":"Tazhkenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Seitkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Management and Engineering, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulsim","family":"Matniyazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damen","family":"Nurgaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5022-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekzat","family":"Saurbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Engineering, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiya","family":"Unerbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrzabek","family":"Yermakhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Higher School of Natural Sciences and Pedagogy, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakytgul","family":"Kussainova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, M. Utemisov West Kazakhstan University, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, A., Song, M.-H., Cho, C.-W., and Yun, Y.-S. (2016). Development of Surface-Modified Polyacrylonitrile Fibers and Their Selective Sorption Behavior of Precious Metals. Appl. 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