{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:02:15Z","timestamp":1789621335903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0125300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0125300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program Natural Science Foundation Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20230754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20230754"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32572165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32572165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572165"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The binary blend of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has emerged as the primary base material combination for biodegradable mulch films because of their favorable processability and biodegradability, offering a viable route to replace conventional polyethylene films in agricultural applications. However, the PBAT\/PLA binary system suffers from thermodynamic incompatibility, limiting simultaneous achievement of mechanical, barrier, and optical properties. This study introduces poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) as the third component and investigates its content (0\u201320%) on the microstructure and performance of PBAT\/PLA\/PPC ternary films. At PPC \u2264 10%, the system maintains an amorphous homogeneous structure, and PPC enriches the surface and improves interfacial adhesion. When the PPC content is 10%, the blend exhibited a transverse tensile strength of 43.3 MPa, an elongation at break of 338%, and a 29.8% reduction in water vapor permeability versus the neat blend. At 15% PPC, the compatibility threshold is exceeded, causing severe phase separation, a sharp drop in melt strength, and deteriorated mechanics. At 20%, phase separation induces PBAT\/PLA crystallization, further enhancing barrier performance but reducing thermal stability and transparency. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheological analysis confirm the compatibility threshold, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy reveal abrupt changes in surface chemistry, crystal structure, and morphology. Overall, 10% PPC offers the best balanced properties. This work elucidates structure and property relationships, providing a basis for the rational formulation design of biodegradable mulch film. Further field weathering and biodegradation tests are required to validate their practical agricultural performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of PPC Content on the Structure and Properties of PBAT\/PLA\/PPC Ternary Composite Mulch Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9371-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protected Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protected Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichao","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomaterials for Machinery Package, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3761-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protected Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-026-00808-9","article-title":"The use, fate and environmental impacts of plastic films in agriculture","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. 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