{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:00:26Z","timestamp":1789992026559,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Second-degree burns require strategies that address microbial contamination, oxidative stress, exudate, and tissue repair. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a marine-derived chitosan hydrogel incorporating ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from Chihuahua, Mexico, for second-degree burn management. Methods: EEP was characterized using parameters established in NOM-003-SAG\/GAN-2017 and complementary biological assays. Chitosan hydrogels containing 1%, 3%, and 5% (w\/w) EEP were evaluated for physicochemical properties, swelling, mass loss, flavonoid release, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial performance, and cell viability. The 1% EEP hydrogel was further evaluated in a murine second-degree burn model. Results: Chihuahua propolis exhibited high phenolic (27.42 \u00b1 2.53%) and flavonoid (9.23 \u00b1 0.314%) contents. EEP incorporation modified the chitosan matrix, providing high swelling capacity, increased structural persistence, sustained flavonoid release for 72 h, and radical-scavenging activity for 96 h. Antimicrobial activity was concentration-dependent, with the 5% EEP hydrogel reducing recoverable Escherichia coli counts below the detection limit (&lt;102 CFU\/mL). However, EEP-containing hydrogels reduced NIH-3T3 viability below the 70% ISO 10993-5 threshold under static extraction conditions. At 144 h, the 1% EEP hydrogel produced greater wound contraction than silver sulfadiazine (p = 0.021), although it did not differ significantly from the propolis-free chitosan hydrogel or untreated control. Qualitative histological assessment showed features consistent with early tissue repair, with cutaneous appendages observed in several sections from the 1% EEP group. Conclusions: Chihuahua propolis-loaded chitosan hydrogels showed promising physico-chemical, release, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and short-term in vivo findings. The in vitro reduction in metabolic activity observed under static extraction conditions warrants further evaluation using physiologically relevant exposure models, extended follow-up, and comprehensive safety assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chitosan Hydrogel Enriched with Propolis from Chihuahua, Mexico: Physicochemical Characterization and Exploratory In Vivo Evaluation in a Murine Second-Degree Burn Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6399-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia Paulina","family":"Loya-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus I, Chihuahua 31110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Silvia Lorena","family":"Montes-Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Heroico Colegio Militar 4700, Col. Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Arregu\u00edn-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus I, Chihuahua 31110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Iv\u00e1n","family":"Romo-S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5673-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Arzate-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3422-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Muela-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus I, Chihuahua 31110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nubia Ivette","family":"Amaya-Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus I, Chihuahua 31110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Juan Guillermo","family":"Ayala-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Celia Mar\u00eda","family":"Qui\u00f1onez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s\/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, N., Quan, T., Li, R., Chen, Y., and Gao, T. 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