{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:43:54Z","timestamp":1789487034141,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011821","name":"the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF-2022-045-Eng"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF-2022-045-Eng"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a starch-modified calcined-ZnAl layered double-hydroxide (S-C-ZnAl-LDH) nanocomposite as a multifunctional nanofiller for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) efficiently performing, simultaneously, ultrafiltration membrane filtration and efficient adsorbent for the recovery of Acid Blue dye-contaminated water. The synergistic effects of starch modification and thermal activation on nanofiller structure, interfacial compatibility, and membrane performance were systematically investigated through a comparison with pristine ZnAl-LDH, calcined ZnAl-LDH, starch-modified ZnAl-LDH, and calcined starch-modified ZnAl-LDH. SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses confirmed the formation of hierarchical layered nanosheet architectures with a uniform dispersion of crystalline ZnAl domains within a partially amorphous starch matrix, promoting enhanced polymer\u2013nanofiller interfacial interactions Adsorption performance was influenced by solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Nonlinear kinetic analysis showed that the PFO model described the kinetic data better. However, the overall kinetic modeling findings suggest that Acid Blue 92 adsorption is governed by a combination of physicochemical interactions, suggesting a complex adsorption mechanism was involved. The starch-modified nanocomposite exhibited excellent regeneration stability, retaining approximately 88\u201390% of its adsorption capacity after five adsorption\u2013desorption cycles. More importantly, the incorporation of S-C-ZnAl-LDH into PVDF membranes significantly enhanced membrane functionality, increasing water flux and permeance by 42.9% and 25%, respectively, while improving Acid Blue rejection by 35.7% to approximately 98%. These improvements are attributed to enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, optimized nanofiller dispersion, and favorable polymer\u2013filler interfacial interactions that facilitate water transport while maintaining high separation efficiency. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for integrating renewable bio-based modifiers with layered nanomaterials to engineer advanced polymeric films exhibiting enhanced permeability, selectivity, durability, and reusability, providing a sustainable platform for multifunctional membrane technologies in water purification and environmental protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:33:42Z","timestamp":1789479222000},"page":"2248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Starch\u2013ZnAl Layered Double-Hydroxide Nanocomposites and PVDF Membrane Nanofillers for the Sustainable Recovery of Dye-Contaminated Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1786-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukarram","family":"Zubair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuhu Dalhat","family":"Muazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. 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Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Hussaini","family":"Jagaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. 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