{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1789570957551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shu-Tung and Alice Li Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extrusion-based 3D-printing of collagen currently relies almost exclusively on solubilizing collagen, restricting ink formulations to low-density hydrogels that typically contain less than 1% (10 mg\/mL) collagen. This low collagen content results in poor mechanical properties, which limit print stability at room temperature and pose significant challenges for engineering scaffolds for high load-bearing tissues. Here, we introduce a method that leverages collagen\u2019s electrostatic properties to generate extrudable inks composed of intact, insoluble collagen across a broad range of densities, including 20% (200 mg\/mL). These inks preserve native collagen fiber architecture, can be prepared at neutral pH, and allow for room-temperature printing without additional stabilization procedures. Our approach is applicable to both type I collagen and type II collagen, enabling scaffolds to be fabricated with collagen in a form and at contents that more closely reflect those of a variety of tissues. By overcoming limitations associated with soluble, atelocollagen hydrogels, these high-density, insoluble collagen microfiber-based inks provide a new platform for developing physiologically relevant scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:50:27Z","timestamp":1789566627000},"page":"2261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Density, Extrudable Collagen Types I and II Microfiber-Based Inks for Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Capari\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu-Tung and Alice Li Foundation, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering Research, Oakland, NJ 07436, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8585-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Tung","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu-Tung and Alice Li Foundation, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering Research, Oakland, NJ 07436, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J.Y., Bronzino, J.D., and Peterson, D.R. 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