{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:03:31Z","timestamp":1790053411526,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico","award":["IN202924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN202924"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tmp8f25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Guided bone regeneration requires membranes that combine structural stability, biocompatibility, and bioactive properties. This study aimed to develop a bilayer electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) membrane incorporating nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and chlorhexidine (CHX). Membranes were fabricated by electrospinning at 15 kV and divided into four groups: PLA 10% (control), PLA 10%\/CHX 0.2%, PLA 10%\/nano-HA 10%, and a bilayer combining the CHX- and nano-HA-loaded formulations in separate monolayers, creating a bilayer nanofibrillar scaffold. We characterized microscopic structure, thermal behavior, and chemical composition using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We evaluated cellular compatibility through cell adhesion and WST-1 metabolic activity assays. All groups exhibited randomly arranged nanofibrillar networks with comparable fiber morphology, while nano-HA-containing membranes showed particulate agglomerates. Thermal analyses indicated changes associated with material incorporation without evidence of major disruption of the PLA matrix, while chemical analyses confirmed incorporation of nano-HA and CHX. CHX-containing membranes did not compromise cell viability, whereas HA-containing membranes promoted favorable cell distribution and morphology. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of producing bilayer PLA membranes incorporating HA and CHX while maintaining suitable physicochemical characteristics and cellular compatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Characterization of a Dual Nanofibrillar Membrane of Polylactic Acid Loaded with Hydroxyapatite and Chlorhexidine for Guided Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Roberto","family":"Sauma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Batista-Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Nanotechnology, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, Pavas, San Jos\u00e9 1174-1200, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Maldonado-Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioingenier\u00eda de Tejidos, Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s\/n Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Reynaldo Pereira","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Nanotechnology, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, Pavas, San Jos\u00e9 1174-1200, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3979-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Montero-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1895-262X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Alvarez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioingenier\u00eda de Tejidos, Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s\/n Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Chavarria-Bolanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12039","article-title":"Horizontal bone augmentation by means of guided bone regeneration","volume":"66","author":"Benic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.id.0000204762.39826.0f","article-title":"\u201cPASS\u201d principles for predictable bone regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.08.012","article-title":"Development and characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds for guided periodontal regeneration using recycled mussel shell-derived nano-hydroxyapatite","volume":"41","author":"Dugaich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. 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