{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:02Z","timestamp":1792790042846,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","award":["PIP 2021\u20132023 N\u00b00926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2021\u20132023 N\u00b00926"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cqe8w59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PIP 2021\u20132023 N\u00b00926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2021\u20132023 N\u00b00926"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cqe8w59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata","award":["PDTS 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDTS 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055eqsb67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PDTS 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDTS 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055eqsb67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-01003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-01003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03stxzb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-01003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-01003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03stxzb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brewer\u2019s spent grain (BSG) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product with potential for manufacturing sustainable particleboards, although its relatively low cellulose content limits the mechanical performance of the resulting boards. In this study, particleboards were produced from BSG using a soybean protein concentrate (SPC)-based adhesive at three adhesive contents. In addition, rosin surface coating and wood veneer reinforcement were investigated as strategies to improve the performance of the boards. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated according to American and European standards, while X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to analyze the structure of the panels. Increasing the SPC content significantly improved all mechanical and physical properties. Rosin coating further reduced water absorption and moisture diffusivity while improving the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength. X-ray micro-CT analysis revealed local density increases associated with rosin penetration into the board structure. The greatest improvement was achieved with wood veneer reinforcement particleboards, satisfying the H1-ANSI A208.1 and P2-EN312 minimum flexural requirements. Moreover, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) revealed that wood veneer reinforcement significantly altered the deformation and failure mechanisms. These results demonstrate that simple surface reinforcement strategies enable the production of bio-based particleboards with significantly improved performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bio-Based Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain Particleboards: Effect of Rosin Coating and Wood Veneer Reinforcement on Structure and Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5898-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Col\u00f3n 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Col\u00f3n 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano M.","family":"Ciannamea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Col\u00f3n 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo M.","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Col\u00f3n 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108753","article-title":"Sugarcane Bagasse Waste Fibers as Novel Thermal Insulation and Sound-Absorbing Materials for Application in Sustainable Buildings","volume":"211","author":"Mehrzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Critical Links Governing Performance of Self-Binding and Natural Binders for Hot-Pressed Reconstituted Lignocellulosic Board without Added Formaldehyde: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Hubbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.08.166","article-title":"Particleboard from Agricultural Biomass and Recycled Wood Waste: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c07877","article-title":"Hot-Compressed Water Treatment and Subsequent Binderless Hot Pressing for High-Strength Plate Preparation from Rice Husk","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117247","article-title":"Development of High-Performance Binderless Fiberboards from Wheat Straw Residue","volume":"232","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.01.053","article-title":"Influence of Press Temperature on the Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made from Oil Palm Trunk","volume":"32","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5658\/WOOD.2020.48.1.22","article-title":"Influence of Rice Straw, Bagasse, and Their Combination on the Properties of Binderless Particleboard","volume":"48","author":"Jamaludin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dukarska, D., Kawalerczyk, J., Sedlia\u010dik, J., Antov, P., and Unisa, M. (2025). Alternative Wood Raw Material Sources in Particleboard and OSB Production\u2014Challenges and Perspectives. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131760"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, L., Wechsler, L., Peltzer, M.A., Ciannamea, E.M., Ruseckaite, R.A., and Stefani, P.M. (2024). Sustainable Particleboards Based on Brewer\u2019s Spent Grains. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010059"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tupciauskas, R., Rizhikovs, J., Andzs, M., and Bikovens, O. (2022). Influence of Manufacturing Conditions on Binder-Less Boards from Steam-Exploded Hemp Shives and Wheat Straw. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093141"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, L., Miccio, L.A., Ciannamea, E.M., and Stefani, P.M. (2025). From Agricultural Residues to Sustainable Boards: Complex Network Analysis of Binderless Composites. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17223082"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.152","article-title":"Utilizing Brewer\u2019s-Spent-Grain in Wood-Based Particleboard Manufacturing","volume":"141","author":"Wimmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00304-4","article-title":"More than Just a Beer\u2014The Potential Applications of by-Products from Beer Manufacturing in Polymer Technology","volume":"5","author":"Hejna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emergent Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bagazo de Malta (BSG): Biorresiduo Con Potencial Aplicaci\u00f3n a Nivel Funcional, Material y Energ\u00e9tico. Brewers\u2019 Spent Grain (BSG): Bioresidual with Potential Application at Functional, Material, and Energetic Level","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prospectiva"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fagioli, G. (2026, August 20). C\u00e1mara de La Industria Cervecera Argentina. Available online: http:\/\/www.cervecerosargentinos.org\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/jib.363","article-title":"Brewers\u2019 Spent Grain: A Review with an Emphasis on Food and Health","volume":"122","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102625","article-title":"Binderless Fiberboards for Sustainable Construction. Materials, Production Methods and Applications","volume":"44","author":"Vitrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11310","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA00619K","article-title":"Barley\u2014A yet Un-Tapped Feedstock for Improved Vegetable Protein-Based Wood Adhesives","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v90n226.106584","article-title":"Biobased Particleboards from Rice Husk and Soy Protein Concentrate: Evaluation of Flexural Properties and Dimensional Stability under Indoor Environmental Conditions","volume":"90","author":"Chalapud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dyna"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2020.06.005","article-title":"Characterization of Rhizophora SPP. Particleboards with SOY Protein Isolate Modified with NaOH\/IA-PAE Adhesive for Use as Phantom Material at Photon Energies of 16.59\u201325.26 KeV","volume":"53","author":"Samson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-005-0713-z","article-title":"Manufacture and Properties of Binderless Particleboard from Bagasse I: Effects of Raw Material Type, Storage Methods, and Manufacturing Process","volume":"51","author":"Widyorini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.10.156","article-title":"Latest Advancements in High-Performance Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: A Critical Review","volume":"21","author":"Hussin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-012-2058-2","article-title":"Bonding Quality of Chemically-Modified Soybean Protein Concentrate-Based Adhesives in Particleboards from Rice Husks","volume":"89","author":"Ciannamea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, Y., Xie, W., Tang, Y., Yang, F., Gong, C., Wang, C., Li, X., and Li, C. (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Protein Adhesives Modified with an Environmental-Friendly Tannin-Based Resin. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102289"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larregle, A., Chalapud, M., Fangio, F., Ciannamea, E.M., Stefani, P.M., Martucci, J.F., and Ruseckaite, R.A. (2021). Antifungal Soybean Protein Concentrate Adhesive as Binder of Rice Husk Particleboards. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203540"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.018","article-title":"Bio-Adhesives from Soy Protein Concentrate and Montmorillonite: Rheological and Thermal Behaviour","volume":"77","author":"Bacigalupe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"101124","article-title":"Global Soybean Trade Dynamics: Drivers, Impacts, and Sustainability","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"MAGYP Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda y Pesca-Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Agricultura (2026, August 20). Datos Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda y Pesca\/Dataset. Soja-Siembra, Cosecha, Producci\u00f3n, Rendimiento, Available online: https:\/\/datos.magyp.gob.ar\/dataset\/soja-siembra-cosecha-produccion-rendimiento."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"United Nations (2026, August 20). Department of Economic and Social Affairs-Sustainable Development. Agenda 2030. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). The National Soybean Checkoff, US Soy. Available online: https:\/\/soynewuses.org\/."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plywoods of Northeast Argentinian Woods and Soybean Protein-Based Adhesives: Relationship Between Morphological Aspects of Veneers and Shear Strength Values","volume":"24","author":"Nicolao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maderas Cienc. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hejna, A., and Barczewski, M. (2026). Turning Disposed into Disposable\u2014Development of Single-Use Products from Underutilized Brewery Wastes. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15050860"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116996","article-title":"Biobased Particleboards Based on Rice Husk and Soy Proteins: Effect of the Impregnation with Tung Oil on the Physical and Mechanical Behavior","volume":"230","author":"Chalapud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peres Duran, A.J.F., Lyra, G.P., Filho Campos, L.E., Batista Martins, H.R., Bueno, C., Fiorelli, J., and Rossignolo, J.A. (2025). The Use of Castor Oil Resin on Particleboards: A Systematic Performance Review and Life Cycle Assessment. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17083609"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0015.2375","article-title":"Application of Beeswax as a Hydrophobic Agent in MDF Technology","volume":"114","author":"Kowaluk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. WULS For. Wood Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.02.026","article-title":"Latex and Rosin Films as Alternative Waterproofing Coatings for 3-Layer Sugarcane-Bamboo-Based Particleboards","volume":"75","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123037","article-title":"Effects of Rosin Treatment on Hygroscopicity, Dimensional Stability, and Pore Structure of Round Bamboo Culm","volume":"287","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101261","article-title":"Flexural and Tensile Properties of Biobased Rice Husk-Jute-Soybean Protein Particleboards","volume":"30","author":"Nicolao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbu, M.C., Montecuccoli, Z., F\u00f6rg, J., Barbeck, U., Kl\u00edmek, P., Petutschnigg, A., and Tudor, E.M. (2021). Potential of Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain as a Potential Replacement of Wood in Pmdi, Uf or Muf Bonded Particleboard. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13030319"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"139","article-title":"Veneer-Reinforced Particleboard for Exterior Structural Composition Board","volume":"62","author":"Hse","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07687-1","article-title":"Datasets on the Mechanical Behavior of Rotary-Cut Veneer under Tensile, Compressive, and Shear Loading","volume":"13","author":"Buchelt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/app.26545","article-title":"Medium-Density Particleboards from Rice Husks and Soybean Protein Concentrate","volume":"106","author":"Leiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.08.084","article-title":"Medium-Density Particleboards from Modified Rice Husks and Soybean Protein Concentrate-Based Adhesives","volume":"101","author":"Ciannamea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials (Standard No. ASTM D1037)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Simonsen, M. (2026, August 13). Strain Tensors and Criteria in VIC. Available online: https:\/\/correlated.kayako.com\/article\/2-strain-tensors-and-criteria-in-vic."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"38","article-title":"Biological, Physical and Mechanical Wood Properties of Para\u00edso (Melia Azedarach) from a Roadside Planting at Huaxtla, Jalisco, Mexico","volume":"20","author":"Venson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trop. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-015-0998-6","article-title":"Improvement of Water Resistance, Dimensional Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Poplar Wood by Rosin Impregnation","volume":"74","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"227","article-title":"Prediction of Moisture Content and Moisture Gradient of an Overlaid Particleboard","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, C., Solt-Rindler, P., Sailer-Kronlachner, W., Kuncinger, T., Konnerth, J., Geyer, A., and van Herwijnen, H.W.G. (2022). Effect of Mat Moisture Content, Adhesive Amount and Press Time on the Performance of Particleboards Bonded with Fructose-Based Adhesives. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238701"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2012.04.008","article-title":"Effect of Resin Type and Content on Properties of Composite Particleboard Made of a Mixture of Wood and Rice Husk","volume":"38","author":"Ayrilmis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2017.634125","article-title":"Particleboard Based on Rice Husk: Effect of Binder Content and Processing Conditions","volume":"5","author":"Ciannamea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.05.009","article-title":"Protein-Based Adhesives for Particleboards-Effect of Application Process","volume":"34","author":"Khosravi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.33736\/jaspe.3107.2021","article-title":"The Characterisation and Water Equivalency of Rhizophora spp. Particleboard Bonded with Soy Protein","volume":"8","author":"Rabaiee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Process Eng."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:10:52Z","timestamp":1790050252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18182303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18182303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}