{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1790053429235,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004911","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Piau\u00ed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00110.000326\/2023-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00110.000326\/2023-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["00110.000326\/2023-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00110.000326\/2023-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026zht694","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011875","name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406973\/2022-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406973\/2022-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["406973\/2022-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406973\/2022-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050zdnc69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institutos Nacionais de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["308434\/2023-4; 406050\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308434\/2023-4; 406050\/2022-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045ydbe97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["308434\/2023-4; 406050\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308434\/2023-4; 406050\/2022-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045ydbe97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pollution of aquatic environments by synthetic dyes, especially those from the textile industry, represents a significant environmental challenge. In this work, nanocomposite aerogels based on cashew gum (CG) and pure and aminosilane-modified hydroxyapatite (HAp) were synthesized and characterized for their application in the adsorption of the methylene blue dye. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CHN elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the materials. Characterization results confirmed the incorporation of HAp into the polymer matrix and its modification, as well as changes in the morphological and thermal properties of the aerogels. The materials exhibited swelling capacity, with a higher degree of swelling observed in basic media. Regarding methylene blue adsorption, equilibrium was reached after 180 min, with varying adsorption capacities among the aerogels. The highest adsorption capacity was observed at pH 12, and kinetic data was best described by the pseudo-first-order model. Equilibrium data showed the best fit to the Langmuir and Dubinin\u2013Radushkevich models, depending on the material. The temperature had no significant effect on the amount of dye adsorbed by the aerogels in the 25 to 55 \u00b0C range. The results demonstrate that combining cashew gum with hydroxyapatite, alongside modification of the mineral phase, enables the production of aerogels with tunable structural and adsorptive properties, highlighting their potential for removing cationic dyes from aqueous media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cashew Gum\/Pure and Modified Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Aerogels for Water-Pollutant Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Joyce Araujo","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane Maria da Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Ianne da Silva","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edvani Curti","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7089-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josy Antevelli","family":"Osajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Humberto de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gard\u00eannia","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Center-Fuel and Materials Laboratory (NPE\u2013LACOM), Federal University of Para\u00edba\u2014UFPB, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael de Carvalho","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Center-Fuel and Materials Laboratory (NPE\u2013LACOM), Federal University of Para\u00edba\u2014UFPB, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edson C.","family":"Silva-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMAV\u2014Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Campus Ministro Petr\u00f4nio Portella, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104670","article-title":"Enhanced Adsorption: Reviewing the Potential of Reinforcing Polymers and Hydrogels with Nanomaterials for Methylene Blue Dye Removal","volume":"51","author":"Umesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.109762","article-title":"Ethanolamine- and Amine-Functionalized Porous Cyclodextrin Polymers for Efficient Removal of Anionic Dyes from Water","volume":"133","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103980","article-title":"Modulating the Structure of Organofunctionalized Hydroxyapatite\/Tripolyphosphate\/Chitosan Spheres for Dye Removal","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131890","article-title":"Adsorptive Removal of Organic Pollutant Methylene Blue Using Polysaccharide-Based Composite Hydrogels","volume":"286","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.105699","article-title":"Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Silica Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Solution","volume":"56","author":"Makhado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2017.11.034","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Kaolin: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies","volume":"153","author":"Mouni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2023.135807","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles","volume":"1288","author":"Aaddouz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103552","article-title":"Acute Toxicity of Textile Dye Methylene Blue on Growth and Metabolism of Selected Freshwater Microalgae","volume":"82","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118182","article-title":"Nanocomposite Hydrogel Based on Sodium Alginate, Poly (Acrylic Acid), and Tetraamminecopper (II) Sulfate as an Efficient Dye Adsorbent","volume":"267","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.112487","article-title":"Design of Self-Healable and Recyclable Multi-Network Hydrogels for Efficient and Selective Removal of Cationic Dyes","volume":"200","author":"Mota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2024.127761","article-title":"Copolymeric Hydrogels with High Capacities of Hydration and Methylene Blue Adsorption in Water","volume":"315","author":"Oyarce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126729","article-title":"Adsorption of Cationic Dyes onto Carrageenan and Itaconic Acid-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogel: Synthesis, Characterization and Isotherm Analysis","volume":"421","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwat.2025.100118","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Magnetic Activated Carbon from Used Water Filter Cartridges for Efficient Methylene Blue Adsorption","volume":"4","author":"Anuse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Water"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2025.112906","article-title":"Carbon Nanotubes-Modified Crosslinked Chitosan\u2013Adipic Acid Nanocomposite for Efficient Acid Blue 93 Dye Removal: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Optimization","volume":"159","author":"Abdulhameed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA07554K","article-title":"Preparation and Dye Adsorption Properties of Activated Carbon\/Clay\/Sodium Alginate Composite Hydrogel Membranes","volume":"14","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2025.128837","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Wastewater Using Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Itaconic Acid-Co-Stearyl Methacrylate) Hydrogels","volume":"335","author":"Mazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104346","article-title":"An Efficient PH Sensitive Hydrogel, with Biocompatibility and High Reusability for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution","volume":"144","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, H.R., Lima, I.S., Neris, L.M.L., Silva, A.S., Nascimento, A.M.S.S., Ara\u00fajo, F.P., Ratke, R.F., Silva, D.A., Osajima, J.A., and Bezerra, L.R. (2021). Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based to Polyacrylamide\/Cashew Tree Gum for the Controlled Release of Water and Plant Nutrients. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092680"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.012","article-title":"Does Polysaccharide Quaternization Improve Biological Activity?","volume":"182","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101306","article-title":"Sustainable Natural Gums for Industrial Application: Physiochemical and Texturometric Evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123567","article-title":"Constructing Anisotropic and Strong Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels with Stretching-Dehydration Strategy: Effect of Sodium Alginate, Pectin, Gellan Gum, and Curdlan","volume":"359","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142354","article-title":"Schiff\u2019s Base Transformation: Enhancing Biological Activity of Xanthan Gum by Grafting with Acrylonitrile","volume":"307","author":"Gawad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.4322\/polimeros.2013.004","article-title":"Goma de Cajueiro (Anacardium Occidentale): Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Das Modifica\u00e7\u00f5es Qu\u00edmicas e F\u00edsicas Por Extrus\u00e3o Termopl\u00e1stica","volume":"23","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polimeros"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52484","DOI":"10.1002\/app.52484","article-title":"Cashew Tree Gum for Biomaterials Engineering: A Versatile Raw Material in Consolidation","volume":"139","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122749","article-title":"Cashew Gum as Future Multipurpose Biomacromolecules","volume":"347","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, M.V.B., Rocha, L.B.N., Vieira, E.G., Oliveira, A.L., Lobo, A.O., de Carvalho, M.A.M., Osajima, J.A., and Silva-Filho, E.C. (2019). Development of Composite Scaffolds Based on Cerium Doped-Hydroxyapatite and Natural Gums-Biological and Mechanical Properties. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12152389"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124864","article-title":"Development of a New Biomaterial Based on Cashew Tree Gum (Anarcadium occidentale L.) Enriched with Hydroxyapatite and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity in Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Cultures","volume":"242","author":"Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52509-2","article-title":"Cashew Gum Hydrogel as an Alternative to Minimize the Effect of Drought Stress on Soybean","volume":"14","author":"Ratke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02827-w","article-title":"Selective Nanocomposite Hydrogels Developed from Cashew Gum\/Laponite for Selective Removal","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.02.042","article-title":"Gums\u2019 Based Delivery Systems: Review on Cashew Gum and Its Derivatives","volume":"147","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101042","article-title":"Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Hydroxyapatite Based Adsorbent: A Review of Surface Functionality and Adsorption Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Guru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2016.83030","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue from Water Using Hydroxyapatite Submitted to Microwave Irradiation","volume":"8","author":"Allam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133764","article-title":"Carboxymethyl Cellulose\/Activated Carbon\/Hydroxyapatite Composite Adsorbent for Remediation of Methylene Blue from Water Media","volume":"276","author":"Peighambardoust","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100778","article-title":"Silane-Modified Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Incorporated into Polydioxanone\/Poly(Lactide-Co-Caprolactone) Creates a Novel Toughened Nanocomposite with Improved Material Properties and in Vivo Inflammatory Responses","volume":"22","author":"Lopez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-023-1396-0","article-title":"Il Utilization of Functionalized Silane Coatings for Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Filler","volume":"40","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2025.113852","article-title":"Charge Transformation of Hollow Mesoporous Hydroxyapatite (HM-HAP) and Its Application in the Efficient Removal of Anionic Dyes","volume":"399","author":"Shafiq","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14282","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28770","article-title":"Amino-Functionalized Nano-Hydroxyapatite Boosts the Grafting Efficiency of Poly (l-Lactic Acid) to Enhance Interfacial Bonding in Composite Bone Scaffold","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119045","article-title":"Superabsorbent Hydrogel from Cassava Gum (Manihot esculenta) to Release Water and Macronutrients","volume":"219","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"267","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue with a Highly Effective Hydroxyapatite-Silica Nanocomposite","volume":"12","author":"Herradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Moroc. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"About the Theory of So-Called Adsorption of Soluble Substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"Handlingar"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(98)00112-5","article-title":"Pseudo-Second Order Model for Sorption Processes","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x","article-title":"Application of Elovich Equation to the Kinetics of Phosphate Release and Sorption in Soils","volume":"44","author":"Chien","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02254a006","article-title":"The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids: Part II: Liquids","volume":"39","author":"Langmuir","year":"1917","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-1907-5723","article-title":"\u00dcber die Adsorption in L\u00f6sungen","volume":"57","author":"Freundlich","year":"1907","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"217","article-title":"Kinetics of Ammonia Synthesis on Promoted Iron Catalysts","volume":"12","author":"Temkin","year":"1940","journal-title":"Acta Physicochim. URSS"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"331","article-title":"Equation of the Characteristic Curve of Activated Charcoal","volume":"55","author":"Dubinin","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116036","article-title":"Amino Hydroxyapatite\/Chitosan Hybrids Reticulated with Glutaraldehyde at Different PH Values and Their Use for Diclofenac Removal","volume":"236","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.09.014","article-title":"Synthesis of Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Its Rapid Mediated Surface Functionalization by Silane Coupling Agent","volume":"58","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.03.064","article-title":"Towards Optimization of the Silanization Process of Hydroxyapatite for Its Use in Bone Cement Formulations","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.159878","article-title":"Zn(II) Loaded Silylated Bentonites as Antibacterial Materials: Influence of the Surface Functionalization","volume":"659","author":"Rigout","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das Chagas, A.d.L., de Oliveira, L.P., Cruz, M.V., de Melo, R.M., Miguel, M.P., Fernandes, K.F., and de Menezes, L.B. (2022). Polysaccharide-Based Membrane Biocompatibility Study of Anacardium occidentale L. and Polyvinyl Alcohol after Subcutaneous Implant in Rats. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041296"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02055-y","article-title":"Exploitation of Natural Gum Exudates as Green Fillers in Self-Healing Corrosion-Resistant Epoxy Coatings","volume":"27","author":"Arukalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11279","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03761","article-title":"Bioactive Gum Arabic\/\u03ba-Carrageenan-Incorporated Nano-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites and Their Relative Biological Functionalities in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Mirza","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9122-x","article-title":"Spectroscopic Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite and Nanocrystalline Apatite with Grafted Aminopropyltriethoxysilane: Nature of Silane\u2013Surface Interaction","volume":"50","author":"Michelot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.07.010","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Organofunctionalized with Silylating Agents to Heavy Cation Removal","volume":"302","author":"Arakaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102919","article-title":"Highly Efficient Uranium Capture from Wastewater by Hydroxyapatite Aerogels Prepared with Konjac Gum as Template","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, W.C., Brito, F.M., Neto, F.E., Ara\u00fajo, A.R., Leite, R.C., Viana, V.G.F., Silva-Filho, E.C., and Silva, D.A. (2023). Development of a New Clay-Based Aerogel Composite from Ball Clay from Piau\u00ed, Brazil and Polysaccharides. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112412"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30026","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01989C","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite-Reinforced Pectin Hydrogel Films PEC\/PVA\/APTES\/HAp: Doxycycline Loading for Sustained Drug Release and Wound Healing Applications","volume":"15","author":"Manzoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehr, J.A., and Hatami-Marbini, H. (2025). Investigating Swelling and Bending Response of PH-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Hydrogels. Macromol, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol5040057"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbedwehy, A.M., and Atta, A.M. (2020). Novel Superadsorbent Highly Porous Hydrogel Based on Arabic Gum and Acrylamide Grafts for Fast and Efficient Methylene Blue Removal. Polymers, 12, Correction in Polymers 2025, 17, 1861.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131861"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140487","article-title":"Superabsorbent Polyacrylamide Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Cashew Tree Gum: Investigation of the Effect of Laponite on Swelling Capacity and Rheological Properties","volume":"302","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edvan, R., S\u00e1, M., Magalh\u00e3es, R., Ratke, R., Sousa, H.R., Neri, L.M.L., Silva-Filho, E.C., Filho, J.P., and Bezerra, L. (2020). Copolymerized Natural Fibre from the Mesocarp of Orbignya Phalerata (Babassu Fruit) as an Irrigating-Fertilizer for Growing Cactus Pears. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081699"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1390-9_11","article-title":"Biopolymers and Their Application in Wastewater Treatment","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms for Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-019-00932-7","article-title":"Dual-Network Design to Enhance the Properties of Agar Aerogel Adsorbent by Incorporating in Situ Ion Cross-Linked Alginate","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, M.T., Barros, A.Z.B., Morais, A.I.S., Carvalho Melo, A.L.F., Bezerra, R.D.S., Osajima, J.A., and Silva-Filho, E.C. (2022). Application of Water Hyacinth Biomass (Eichhornia crassipes) as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Medium: Kinetic and Isothermal Study. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132732"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26691","article-title":"Amine-Functionalized Porous Silica Production via Ex- and in-Situ Method Using Silicate Precursors as a Selective Adsorbent for CO2 Capture Applications","volume":"10","author":"Widiyastuti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2024.107446","article-title":"Adsorption of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue on Activated Biocarbon Derived from Birchwood Pellets","volume":"191","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39241-z","article-title":"Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue from Wastewater Using PH-Sensitive Starch-Based Hydrogels","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e02858","article-title":"Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue as Case Study of Adsorption Phenomenon by Ceramic Filters: Experimental Study and Kinetic Modeling","volume":"29","author":"Akowanou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101498","article-title":"Modeling and Optimization of Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Media via Natural Clay: Response Surface Methodology, Artificial Neural Network, and Monte Carlo Molecular Studies","volume":"324","author":"Aboussabek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2025.100525","article-title":"Valorization of Calcium Phosphate Glasses: A Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Approach to Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption from Wastewater","volume":"19","author":"Sajai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.191","article-title":"Agar\/\u03ba-Carrageenan Composite Hydrogel Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Water","volume":"160","author":"Duman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7217","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b02178","article-title":"Superabsorbent Cellulose-Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Highly Efficient Removal of Dye in Water","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-017-7215-7","article-title":"Removal of Some Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Acrylamide- or 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacry-late-Based Copolymeric Hydrogels","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105145","article-title":"Adsorption of a Cationic Methylene Blue Dye on an Algerian Palygorskite","volume":"179","author":"Belaroui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101501","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue onto Forest Wastes: Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Gemici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01985-8","article-title":"Biogenic Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek) for Proficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under UV Irradiation","volume":"30","author":"Alshehri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:21:59Z","timestamp":1790050919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18182306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18182306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}