{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:04:50Z","timestamp":1790139890351,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information","award":["G-23-GT-CU01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-23-GT-CU01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information","award":["D25DT080-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D25DT080-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information","award":["K26L4M2C3-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K26L4M2C3-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["G-23-GT-CU01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-23-GT-CU01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["D25DT080-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D25DT080-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K26L4M2C3-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K26L4M2C3-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k4yrm29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conductive polymer composites offer a scalable route to self-supporting electrochemical electrodes, but electrical performance must be balanced against processability at high filler loadings. Fifteen polypropylene (PP)-based carbon-filler formulations were melt-compounded and injection-molded, and their electrical resistivity and moldability were evaluated. PP\/CF20\/CNT20 was selected, exhibiting a mean volume resistivity of 0.1409 \u03a9\u00b7cm with complete mold filling, no visible surface defects, and good moldability. SEM and synchrotron X-ray CT revealed multiscale carbon-filler morphology and spatially heterogeneous CF organization. Perforated PP\/CF20\/CNT20 disks were assembled into a ten-electrode parallel stack. At 12 V, the voltage sweep reached approximately 7.1 A in 1 M KOH and 2.1 A in tap water; during 20 h fixed-voltage operation, currents stabilized at approximately 5.2\u20135.5 A and 2.1 A, respectively. In 1 M KOH, estimated H2 flow reached approximately 42.9 sccm at 7 A. Prolonged tap-water electrolysis produced Ca-dominated surface scale. At 12 V in 0.3 wt.% NaCl, no Escherichia coli colonies were detected under the applied plating conditions from 15 min onward. These results demonstrate the feasibility of injection-molded PP\/CF\/CNT composites as functional electrodes for aqueous electrochemical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18182311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:06:51Z","timestamp":1790006811000},"page":"2311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Injection-Molded Carbon Fiber\/Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite Electrodes: Processing\u2013Structure\u2013Property Relationships and Aqueous Electrochemical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dongwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wonhyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changlim ENG Co., Ltd., Daegu 42703, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3391-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate AI Energy Laboratory, Jeonnam Research Institute, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dongwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Daewoong","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hyungwook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Uk","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Won","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, M., Syed, N.A., Behravesh, A.H., Pop-Iliev, R., and Rizvi, G. (2023). Optimization of Filler Compositions of Electrically Conductive Polypropylene Composites for the Manufacturing of Bipolar Plates. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15143076"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.-C., Jien, M.-Y., Hsu, C.-C., Hwang, S.-S., and Feng, C.-T. (2022). Processing Effects on the Through-Plane Electrical Conductivities and Tensile Strengths of Microcellular-Injection-Molded Polypropylene Composites with Carbon Fibers. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163251"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi, D., Zhao, Z., and Bai, H. (2023). Effects of Orientation and Dispersion on Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube\/Polypropylene Composite. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102370"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14828-6","article-title":"Direct Injection Molding of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibers","volume":"135","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/app.29422","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity of Carbon-Filled Polypropylene-Based Resins","volume":"112","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, B., Rzeczkowski, P., and P\u00f6tschke, P. (2019). Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Melt-Mixed Polypropylene Composites Containing Mixtures of Carbon-Based Fillers. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11061073"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.08.002","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Carbon Fiber\/Polypropylene Composites Hybridized with Nanofillers","volume":"55","author":"Arao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Gong, X., Li, J., Shi, Y., Liang, M., Zou, H., and Zhou, S. (2024). Fabrication of Electrically Conductive Microparts by Constructing Carbon Black-Rich Network under High Shear Conditions in Microinjection Molding. Front. Mater., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2024.1415283"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, D.S., Melo, A., Peliteiro, B., Dur\u00e3es, N., Paiva, M.C., and Sequeiros, E.W. (2025). Development of Thermoplastic Bi-Component Electrodes for Triboelectric Impact Detection in Smart Textile Applications. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17020210"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-026-01707-9","article-title":"Extruded Conductive Hybrid-Filled Polymer Films as Current Conductor Foil for Bipolar Lithium-Sulfur Battery Applications","volume":"9","author":"Knapp","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-020-01594-6","article-title":"Polypropylene Nanocomposites with High-Loading Conductive Carbon Nano-Reinforcements for Multifunctional Applications","volume":"11","author":"Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983221084407","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Melt-Mixed Polypropylene and As-Grown Carbon Nanofiber Composites: Analysis of Their Interphase via the AC Conductivity Modeling","volume":"56","author":"Paleo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b03818","article-title":"Affordable Polymer-Carbon Composite Electrodes for Electroosmotic Dehydration and Electro-Fenton Processes","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.5c03632","article-title":"Free-Standing Catalyst Layers Based on Porous Polymer Composites with Tailored Mass Transport Properties for AEM Water Electrolysis","volume":"11","author":"Volz","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10353","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01317","article-title":"Methodology for Investigating Electrochemical Gas Evolution Reactions: Floating Electrode as a Means for Effective Gas Bubble Removal","volume":"91","author":"Stojanovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12678-022-00728-4","article-title":"Water Composition and Electrocatalytic Aspects for Efficient Chlorine Generation","volume":"13","author":"Kribeche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrocatalysis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-016-0579-x","article-title":"Clean Electrochemical Deposition of Calcium Carbonate to Prevent Scale Formation in Cooling Water Systems","volume":"14","author":"Dirany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00451","article-title":"Electrochemical Generation of Hydroxide for Precipitative Water Softening","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132772","article-title":"Chlorine-Free Electrochemical Disinfection Using Graphene Sponge Electrodes","volume":"430","author":"Norra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.121014","article-title":"Approaching Easy Water Disinfection for All: Can In Situ Electrochlorination Outperform Conventional Chlorination under Realistic Conditions?","volume":"250","author":"Atrashkevich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.2c00116","article-title":"Membrane-Assisted Electrochlorination for Zero-Chemical-Input Point-of-Use Drinking Water Disinfection","volume":"2","author":"Ocasio","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.873742","article-title":"Disinfection Effect of Electrochemically Generated Chlorine on Surface-Associated Escherichia coli in a Drinking Water System","volume":"53","author":"Mezule","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.03.017","article-title":"Mechanisms of Escherichia coli Inactivation by Several Disinfectants","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.07.035","article-title":"Subcellular Mechanism of Escherichia coli Inactivation during Electrochemical Disinfection with Boron-Doped Diamond Anode: A Comparative Study of Three Electrolytes","volume":"84","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.09.029","article-title":"Electrochemical Disinfection of Bacteria-Laden Water Using Antimony-Doped Tin-Tungsten-Oxide Electrodes","volume":"126","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.77.802","article-title":"High-Speed X-Ray Projection Microscopy at Beamline 9D of the Pohang Light Source-II","volume":"77","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciu, N.-V., Stan, F., Sandu, I.-L., Fetecau, C., and Turcanu, A.-M. (2021). Thermal, Rheological, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties of Polypropylene\/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020187"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis, A., Pesce, J.-J., Ferreira, P., and R\u00e9gnier, G. (2020). Fiber Orientation and Concentration in an Injection-Molded Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer Reinforced by Hemp. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122771"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017burawik, R., Volke, J., Zarges, J.-C., and Heim, H.-P. (2022). Comparison of Real and Simulated Fiber Orientations in Injection Molded Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide by X-ray Microtomography. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010029"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107752","article-title":"Microstructural Analysis of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics Based on X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography","volume":"183","author":"Hessman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:17:20Z","timestamp":1790137040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/18\/2311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18182311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18182311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}