{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1790071476594,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20026434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20026434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20026434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20026434"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008nkqk13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electric vehicles (EVs) lack a substantial source of recoverable powertrain waste heat, making cabin heating a direct parasitic load on the battery and thereby increasing the need for efficient and spatially distributed thermal management strategies. In this study, a flexible self-regulating surface heater was developed by integrating a polymeric positive temperature coefficient (PTC) multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite with a flame-resistant meta-aramid textile substrate. The principal contribution of this work is the systematic control of the PTC:CNT ink ratio to correlate CNT-mediated conductive-network formation with the average temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and electrothermal self-regulation, together with its implementation in a thermally robust textile architecture for elevated-temperature operation. Among the investigated ink ratios of 95:5\u201380:20, the 90:10 formulation provided the most favorable balance between electrical conduction and PTC response, reaching a stable temperature of approximately 130 \u00b0C at 24 V without thermal runaway. The optimized heater retained stable electrical functionality after repeated bending and washing, while the meta-aramid substrate provided improved resistance to ignition under severe thermal exposure. A cabin-mimicking chamber experiment further demonstrated the system-level heating capability of the textile heater under controlled power-input conditions. These results demonstrate that composition-controlled PTC-CNT network engineering on thermally robust textiles provides a viable approach to flexible and self-regulating heating systems for EV thermal management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18192315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"2315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Regulating Polymer\u2013Carbon Nanotube Composite Heater on Meta-Aramid Textile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0336-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Eun","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8956-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyeok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1710-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mcell Co., Ltd., 112, 10, Pangyodaejang-ro 8-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13544, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5013-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, 275 Wilmore Labs, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fashion Industry, Incheon University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.171427","article-title":"Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors-Based Artificial SEI Layers for Stabilizing Interfaces and Suppressing Dendrites in Garnet Solid Electrolytes","volume":"526","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, G., Pode, G., Diouf, B., and Pode, R. (2024). Sustainable Decarbonization of Road Transport: Policies, Current Status, and Challenges of Electric Vehicles. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1098.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868388","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3868388","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Development","volume":"2022","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.119493","article-title":"Effects of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicle Range Considering Battery Performance, Powertrain Efficiency, and HVAC Load","volume":"326","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11032","article-title":"Recent Advances on Air Heating System of Cabin for Pure Electric Vehicles: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-024-00202-8","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Battery Thermal Management and Energy Consumption in an Electric Vehicle: Impact of Driving Modes and Ambient Temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s43207-024-00403-y","article-title":"Fabrication of Silicone-Based Gap Filler for Electric Vehicles Using Magnesium Oxide Thermally Conductive Fillers","volume":"61","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6684","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06684","article-title":"Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors Based on Carbon Nanotube\/Polymer Composites","volume":"4","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4191\/kcers.2011.48.6.525","article-title":"The Electrical Properties of the Laminated PTC Thermistor for Micro Circuit Protection as a Function of Starting Material and Sr Addition","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"104945","article-title":"Novel 3D Printed BaTiO3-Based Ceramics with High PTC Effect via Vat Photopolymerization and Vacuum Infiltration","volume":"110","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Yin, T., Liu, W., Wan, L., and Liao, Y. (2025). The Advances in Polymer-Based Electrothermal Composites: A Review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152047"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, H., Jia, C., Hu, Z., Yu, S., Xiang, H., Wang, X., and Zhu, M. (2025). Enhanced Electrothermal Properties of Core\u2013Sheath Lignin-Derived Carbon Nanotube Yarns with UHMWPE Insulation. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17040537"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129826","article-title":"Flexible Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers\/Silicone Composite Films for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Electrothermal and Photothermal Applications","volume":"420","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149157","article-title":"High-Performance Electrothermal Fabrics Enabled by Lignin-Derived Carbon Nanotube Yarns","volume":"482","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Zhao, Y., Shang, K., and Zhao, B. (2025). Multifunctional Meta-Aramid Fabrics Enhanced with Inherent Flame-Retardant Polyurea Coatings: Integration of Mechanical Strength, Puncture Resistance, and Self-Healing Properties. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111529"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c00570","article-title":"Carboxylate-Decorated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube\/Aramid Nanofiber Film for Tunable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance and Rapid Electric Heating Capacity","volume":"4","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, A., Gauvin, C., Ladhari, S., and Nguyen-Tri, P. (2021). Advanced Functional Materials for Intelligent Thermoregulation in Personal Protective Equipment. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202107.0588.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.N., Jee, S.H., Ko, J., Kim, D.J., and Kim, S.H. (2021). Properties of Surface Heating Textile for Functional Warm Clothing Based on a Composite Heating Element with a Positive Temperature Coefficient. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11040904"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7612","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c01064","article-title":"Highly Efficient and Durable Aramid Nanofibers\/Carbon Nanotubes-Coated Electrothermal Paper","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, H., and Bilotti, E. (2021). Polymer Nanocomposites for Temperature Sensing and Self-regulating Heating Devices. Polymer Nanocomposite Materials, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527826490.ch9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152427","article-title":"Positive Temperature Coefficient Material Based on Silicone Rubber\/Paraffin\/Graphite\/Carbon Nanotubes for Wearable Thermal Management Devices","volume":"493","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4191\/kcers.2019.56.6.08","article-title":"Heat-Generating Behavior of SiC Fiber Mat Composites Embedded with Ceramic Powder for Heat Conservation","volume":"56","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, C., Zhang, Y., Lin, J., Fan, G., Zhou, C., and Yu, Y. (2024). Flexible Positive Temperature Coefficient Composites (PVAc\/EVA\/GP-CNF) with Room Temperature Curie Point. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142028"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.76.688","article-title":"A Textile-Based MWCNT-Coated Stretch Sensor for Body Size Measurements","volume":"76","author":"Mulugeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062112","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1863452","article-title":"Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube\/High-Density Polyethylene Composites","volume":"86","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.118800","article-title":"Recent Progress in Utilizing Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene to Relieve Volume Expansion and Increase Electrical Conductivity of Si-Based Composite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"219","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300407","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202300407","article-title":"Enhanced Durability and Catalytic Performance of Pt\u2013SnO2\/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube with Shifted d-Band Center for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"5","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2017.09.001","article-title":"Thermoresistive Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube\/Polymer Composites","volume":"95","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physica E Low. Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211079","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202211079","article-title":"3D Printable One-Part Carbon Nanotube-Elastomer Ink for Health Monitoring Applications","volume":"33","author":"Shar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115440","article-title":"A Combined Experimental and Micromechanical Approach to Investigating PTC and NTC Effects in CNT-Polypropylene Composites under a Self-Heating Condition","volume":"289","author":"Kil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1021\/am400892k","article-title":"Microstructure and Performance of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube\/m-Aramid Composite Films as Electric Heating Elements","volume":"5","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamunya, Y., Maruzhenko, O., Kolisnyk, R., Iurzhenko, M., Pylypenko, A., Masiuchok, O., Godzierz, M., Krivtsun, I., Trzebicka, B., and Pruvost, S. (2023). Pyroresistive Properties of Composites Based on HDPE and Carbon Fillers. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092105"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Liu, E., Sun, Q., and Shao, Y. (2024). Sandwich-Structured Carbon Nanotube Composite Films for Multifunctional Sensing and Electrothermal Application. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16172496"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s43207-024-00445-2","article-title":"Integration of Flexible Solid-State Thin-Film Batteries for Smart Functional Clothing Applications","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.09.016","article-title":"Flexible Carbon Nanotube\/Polyurethane Electrothermal Films","volume":"110","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10697","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10667A","article-title":"Highly Efficient CNT Functionalized Cotton Fabrics for Flexible\/Wearable Heating Applications","volume":"5","author":"Ilanchezhiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065704","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaf195","article-title":"Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Flexible, Low-Voltage Electrothermal Film Based on the Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube\/Polymer Nanocomposite","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.14991","article-title":"Organic Binder-free Cathode Using FeS2-MWCNT Composite for Thermal Batteries","volume":"100","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4191\/kcers.2019.56.3.05","article-title":"Recent Progress in Cathode Materials for Thermal Batteries","volume":"56","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bournias-Varotsis, A., Harris, R.A., and Friel, R.J. (2015). The Effect of Ultrasonic Excitation on the Electrical Properties and Microstructure of Printed Electronic Conductive Inks. Proceedings of the 2015 38th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSE.2015.7247978"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4191\/kcers.2016.53.6.635","article-title":"Electrical Behavior of Aluminum Nitride Ceramics Sintered with Yttrium Oxide and Titanium Oxide","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.-H., and Lee, J.-H. (2023). A Study on Space Charge and Electrical Conduction Current Properties According to Thermal Stress Period of Insulation Materials for HVDC Eco-Friendly Power Cables. Proceedings of the 2023 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), IEEE.","DOI":"10.23919\/ISEIM60444.2023.10329200"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.03.021","article-title":"Characterization of CrAl Coating on Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"51","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Cho, C. (2025, November 29). Electric Radiant Warmers for Energy Saving and Improved Comfort in EVs. Available online: https:\/\/unece.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-10\/GRSG-124-05r1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.056","article-title":"Design for Thermal Sensation and Comfort States in Vehicles Cabins","volume":"36","author":"Alahmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11238","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2869030","article-title":"A\/C Energy Management and Vehicle Cabin Thermal Comfort Control","volume":"67","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Choi, J.-H., Park, S.H., Ahn, T.Y., Cheong, H.-W., and Yoon, Y.S. (2023). FeF3\/(Acetylene Black and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube) Composite for Cathode Active Material of Thermal Battery through Formation of Conductive Network Channels. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13202783"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomov, S.V., Akmanov, I.S., Liu, Q., Wu, Q., and Abaimov, S.G. (2023). Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistance in Aligned CNT Networks: Influence of the Underlying Phenomena. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030678"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40159","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA07048G","article-title":"On the Resistivity, Temperature Coefficient of Resistance, and Ampacity of Cu\u2013CNT and Ni\u2013CNT Composites","volume":"11","author":"Duhain","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafarypouria, M., Mahato, B., and Abaimov, S.G. (2023). Separating Curing and Temperature Effects on the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance for a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020433"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00010","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202600010","article-title":"Multimodal Haptic Perception Through Synergistic Nanocomposite Sensor Arrays","volume":"11","author":"Bardea","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000220","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000220","article-title":"Cyclic Thermoresistivity of Freestanding and Polymer Embedded Carbon Nanotube Yarns","volume":"22","author":"Balam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.103078","article-title":"Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) Materials Based on Amorphous Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) with Ultrahigh PTC Intensity, Tunable Switching Temperature and Good Reproducibility","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shak Sadi, M., and Kumpikait\u0117, E. (2022). Advances in the Robustness of Wearable Electronic Textiles: Strategies, Stability, Washability and Perspective. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12122039"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19174","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA02184D","article-title":"Carbon Black Functionalized Stretchable Conductive Fabrics for Wearable Heating Applications","volume":"7","author":"Pahalagedara","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63636-3","article-title":"Washable Heat-Resistant and Inkjet-Printed Devices on Cotton Fabric for Wearable Applications","volume":"16","author":"Bae","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13127","article-title":"Flammability and Comfort Properties of Blended Knit Fabrics Made from Inherently Fire-Resistant Fibers to Use for Fire Fighters","volume":"9","author":"Jamshaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.70130","article-title":"Analysis of Polyester and Aramid Based Woven Fabric for Protective Clothing","volume":"65","author":"Prakash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:24:32Z","timestamp":1790069072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18192315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18192315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}