{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:01Z","timestamp":1792789981402,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"C\u00e9sar Vallejo University","award":["P-2024-186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-2024-186"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0297axj39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["P-2024-186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-2024-186"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0297axj39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a comparative analysis of starch-based active films functionalized with alcoholic extracts from the fruits (AF) and leaves (AL) of Bixa orellana (2.5\u201310% w\/w), evaluating their structural, morphological, optical, mechanical, barrier, and functional performance. A comprehensive multiscale characterization was performed to analyze the effect of phytochemical composition on structural, morphological, optical, mechanical, barrier, and functional performance. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed distinct bioactive profiles: fruit extracts exhibited prominent carotenoid absorption bands (bixin and norbixin, 400\u2013550 nm), whereas leaf extracts displayed characteristic chlorophyll peaks (675 nm) alongside high phenolic\/flavonoid content (280\u2013400 nm). This structural differentiation directly influenced material behavior. Opacity measurements at 600 nm demonstrated significant UV-Vis photoprotection, reaching a maximum opacity of 0.435 in 10% AF films. Microscopic analyses by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that AF integrated smoothly into the starch matrix, reducing surface roughness (RMS = 0.192 \u03bcm at 10% AF), whereas AL generated rougher, micro-textured surfaces (RMS = 0.694 \u03bcm at 10% AL) due to phase interaction variations. FTIR spectroscopy verified hydrogen bonding and non-covalent molecular interactions between starch chains and functional extract molecules. Mechanically, 10% AF films achieved the highest tensile strength (0.326 \u00b1 0.020 MPa), while 5% AL films provided maximum flexibility (43.49 \u00b1 3.5% elongation at break). Furthermore, AL incorporation significantly improved water resistance, limiting net mass change kinetics to under 50% compared to ~120% in pure starch. Soil-induced mass loss tests showed tunable disintegration kinetics over 28 days, with phenolic-dense formulations exhibiting slower mass loss, although gravimetric measurements cannot distinguish between possible microbial mineralization and physical fragmentation. Antimicrobial agar diffusion assays against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans revealed no clear inhibition zones, indicating that the active hydrophobic compounds remain entrapped within the hydrophilic starch matrix rather than diffusing freely into the agar. Overall, this comparative study highlights the tailored photoprotective, mechanical, and moisture-barrier functionalities achievable using distinct parts of Bixa orellana, presenting a promising pathway for circular, eco-friendly active packaging and medical materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18192341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:09:02Z","timestamp":1790323742000},"page":"2341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Starch-Based Films Functionalized with Bixa orellana Fruit and Leaf Extracts: A Multiscale Structural, Morphological, and Optical Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Gallozzo-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto y Centros de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Renny","family":"Nazario-Naveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Per\u00fa, Trujillo 13011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Angelats-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinario, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo 13008, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, M., Trevisan, R., Ranasinghe, P., Merrill, G.B., Santos, J., Hong, A., Edward, W.C., Jayasundara, N., and Somarelli, J.A. (2022). A Growing Crisis for One Health: Impacts of Plastic Pollution across Layers of Biological Function. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.980705"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, E., Vargas, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez, C., and Chiralt, A. (2021). Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061256"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012140","article-title":"Plastic Pollution: How Can the Global Health Community Fight the Growing Problem?","volume":"8","author":"Bidashimwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-Induced PPE and Single-Use Plastic Waste Generation Scenario","volume":"39","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res. J. Sustain. Circ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00407-8","article-title":"Bioplastics for a Circular Economy","volume":"7","author":"Rosenboom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167243","article-title":"Synthesis and Commercialization of Bioplastics: Organic Waste as a Sustainable Feedstock","volume":"904","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz, S.P. (2023). Are Bioplastics the Solution to the Plastic Pollution Problem?. PLoS Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002045"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193960","article-title":"Cellulose-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites for Three-Dimensional Printing Using Polyethylene Glycol as an Additive: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"Benini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"361","article-title":"Bioplastic Classifications and Innovations in Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Applications","volume":"8","author":"Abang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102860","article-title":"Plant Extracts as Additives in Biodegradable Films and Coatings in Active Food Packaging","volume":"54","author":"Kola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15040137","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Hawthorn Vinegar","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak\u00f3, M., Kerekes, E.B., Zambrano, C., Kotog\u00e1n, A., Papp, T., Krisch, J., and V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, C. (2020). Plant Phenolics and Phenolic-Enriched Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Food-Contaminating Microorganisms. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020165"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2015.11.002","article-title":"Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Potential of Annatto in Natural Colorant Production for Industrial Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012046","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/223\/1\/012046","article-title":"Effect of Glycerol and Zinc Oxide Addition on Antibacterial Activity of Biodegradable Bioplastics from Chitosan-Kepok Banana Peel Starch","volume":"223","author":"Agustin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2672","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Ethanol-Extracted Bixa orellana (L) (Achiote) on Candida Albicans, at Six Different Concentrations","volume":"20","author":"Mauricio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60513-9","article-title":"Bacterial Growth Inhibition Potential of Annatto Plant Parts","volume":"2","author":"Venugopalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.6.1074","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Commercial Annatto Extracts against Selected Pathogenic, Lactic Acid, and Spoilage Microorganisms","volume":"66","author":"Westhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.06.005","article-title":"Absence of Carcinogenic and Anticarcinogenic Effects of Annatto in the Rat Liver Medium-Term Assay","volume":"42","author":"Agner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2016.36.4.476","article-title":"Effects of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) Seeds Powder on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pork Patties during Refrigerated Storage","volume":"36","author":"Cuong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Scotter, M.J. (2015). Food Colour Additives of Natural Origin. Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114961","article-title":"Bixa orellana L. (Achiote, Annatto) as an Antimicrobial Agent: A Scoping Review of Its Efficiency and Technological Prospecting","volume":"287","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazario-Naveda, R.R., Gallozzo-Cardenas, M.M., Ju\u00e1rez-Cortijo, L.A., Angelats-Silva, L.M., Mart\u00ednez-Julca, M.A., Rojas Flores, S.J., and Benites, S.M. (2024). Incorporation of alcoholic extract of mango peel on mango seed starch-based bioactive compounds. Proceedings of the 22nd LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (LACCEI 2024): \u201cSustainable Engineering for a Diverse, Equitable, and Inclusive Future at the Service of Education, Research, and Industry for a Society 5.0.\u201d, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions.","DOI":"10.18687\/LACCEI2024.1.1.888"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.10.017","article-title":"Bionanocomposite Films Developed from Corn Starch and Natural and Modified Nano-Clays with or without Added Blueberry Extract","volume":"77","author":"Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazario-Naveda, R., Delfin-Narciso, D., Asmat-Campos, D., Rojas Flores, S.J., Benites, S.M., Mantilla-Sifuentes, F., and Alayo-Zavaleta, Y. (2022). Active biodegradable films from mango starch integrated with silver nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 20th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology: \u201cEducation, Research and Leadership in Post-pandemic Engineering: Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable Actions\u201d, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions.","DOI":"10.18687\/LACCEI2022.1.1.536"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0021321","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00213-21","article-title":"Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition","volume":"59","author":"Humphries","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18273","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c10120","article-title":"Ethanol-Based Extraction of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) and Characterization of the Bixin and Norbixin","volume":"9","author":"Aluko","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Yuan, J., Huang, Y., Magney, T.S., and Porcar-Castell, A. (2020). Preliminary Study of Wavelength Positions of Leaf Fluorescence Peaks with Experimental Data. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2020-2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9324344"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mare, R., Pujia, R., Maurotti, S., Greco, S., Cardamone, A., Coppoletta, A.R., Bonacci, S., Procopio, A., Pujia, A., and Mare, R. (2023). Assessment of Mediterranean Citrus Peel Flavonoids and Their Antioxidant Capacity Using an Innovative UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Approach. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12234046"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04764-0","article-title":"Environmentally Friendly Achiote Seed Extracts with Higher \u03b4-Tocotrienol Content Have Higher in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activity than the Conventional Extract","volume":"58","author":"Alavez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2025.00797","article-title":"Studies of Bioactive Compounds from the Combination of Red Fruit Extract and Red Betel Leaf Extract in the Form of Halal Capsule Powder as a Potential to Reduce Blood Sugar Levels","volume":"18","author":"Syakri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staszowska-Karkut, M., Chilczuk, B., Materska, M., Kontek, R., Marciniak, B., Staszowska-Karkut, M., Chilczuk, B., Materska, M., Kontek, R., and Marciniak, B. (2023). Phenolic Compounds in Fractionated Blackcurrant Leaf Extracts in Relation to the Biological Activity of the Extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28227459"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FB00343A","article-title":"Active Food Packaging Development: Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Peel Extract Incorporated into Starch-Protein Blend Films","volume":"3","author":"Azlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1039\/D0PY00503G","article-title":"Fluorescent Polymers via Post-Polymerization Modification of Biginelli-Type Polymers for Cellular Protection against UV Damage","volume":"12","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.106906","article-title":"One-Step Ultrasound-Assisted Recovery of Yellow-Orange-Red Natural Coloring from Defatted Annatto Seeds: A Cleaner Processing Alternative","volume":"107","author":"Strieder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2829","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Antioxidant and Biodegradable Corn Starch\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Infused with Varying Concentrations of Fagonia Extract for Active Packaging","volume":"44","author":"Batool","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khazaei, A., Nateghi, L., Zand, N., Oromiehie, A., Garavand, F., Khazaei, A., Nateghi, L., Zand, N., Oromiehie, A., and Garavand, F. (2021). Evaluation of Physical, Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Pinto Bean Starch-Polyvinyl Alcohol Biodegradable Films Reinforced with Cinnamon Essential Oil. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162778"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.-J., Choi, S.-W., Lee, N., and Chang, H.-J. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan\/Gelatin\/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Ternary Blend Film Incorporated with Duchesnea Indica Extract in Strawberry Applications. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11243963"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barb\u0103lat\u0103-M\u00e2ndru, M., Serbezeanu, D., Butnaru, M., R\u00eembu, C.M., Enache, A.A., and Aflori, M. (2022). Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)\/Plant Extracts Films: Preparation, Surface Characterization and Antibacterial Studies against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072493"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035401","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ad1263","article-title":"Harnessing the Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Starch and Mint Extract in PVA-Based Biodegradable Films against Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Rashid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.17.1.14","article-title":"Organic Acids Modified Starch\u2013CMC Based Biodegradable Film: Antibacterial Activity, Morphological, Structural, Thermal, and Crystalline Properties","volume":"17","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201100019","article-title":"Effects of Storage Conditions and Acid Solvent Types on Structural, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Kudzu Starch (Pueraria Lobata)-Chitosan Composite Films","volume":"63","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamas, A., Regal, P., V\u00e1zquez, B., Cepeda, A., and Franco, C.M. (2019). Short Chain Fatty Acids Commonly Produced by Gut Microbiota Influence Salmonella Enterica Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040265"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2022). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Standard No. ASTM D638)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240110","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2024-0110","article-title":"Biodegradability of Corn Starch Films Containing Nanocellulose Fiber and Thymol","volume":"13","author":"Nordin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.35812\/CelluloseChemTechnol.2022.56.72","article-title":"Evaluation of phytotoxicity and biodegradation of cellulose reinforced starch biocomposites","volume":"56","author":"Reichert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.56530\/spectroscopy.zd9677w3","article-title":"The Big Review VI: Carbonyl Compounds","volume":"Volume 40","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119583","article-title":"Development of Bio-Active Cotton Fabric Coated with Betalain Extract as Encapsulating Agent for Active Packaging Textiles","volume":"222","author":"Kamel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bof, M.J., Laurent, F.E., Massolo, F., Locaso, D.E., Versino, F., Garc\u00eda, M.A., Bof, M.J., Laurent, F.E., Massolo, F., and Locaso, D.E. (2021). Bio-Packaging Material Impact on Blueberries Quality Attributes under Transport and Marketing Conditions. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040481"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(97)01021-4","article-title":"Crystallinity in Starch Plastics: Consequences for Material Properties","volume":"15","author":"Vliegenthart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100393","article-title":"Development of PLA-PBSA Based Biodegradable Active Film and Its Application to Salmon Slices","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115666","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Amylose-Fatty Ammonium Salt Inclusion Complexes","volume":"230","author":"Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125577","article-title":"Starch-Phenolic Complexes Are Built on Physical CH-\u03c0 Interactions and Can Persist after Hydrothermal Treatments Altering Hydrodynamic Radius and Digestibility of Model Starch-Based Foods","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42576","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c13413","article-title":"Self-Adaptive Antibacterial Coating for Universal Polymeric Substrates Based on a Micrometer-Scale Hierarchical Polymer Brush System","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0294-2","article-title":"Porins and Small-Molecule Translocation across the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Vergalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2021.100654","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Periodate Oxidation in Developing pH-Sensitive Packaging Film Based on Modified Gelatin","volume":"28","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.008","article-title":"Improvement of Thermal and UV-Light Stability of \u03b2-Carotene-Loaded Nanoemulsions by Water-Soluble Chitosan Coating","volume":"165","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106012","article-title":"Accurately Intelligent Film Made from Sodium Carboxymethyl Starch\/\u03ba-Carrageenan Reinforced by Mulberry Anthocyanins as an Indicator","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117614","article-title":"Green Approach for Fabrication of Bacterial Cellulose-Chitosan Composites in the Solutions of Carbonic Acid under High Pressure CO2","volume":"258","author":"Novikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110201","article-title":"Simulated in Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Traditional Chinese Rushan and Naizha Cheese: Peptidome Profiles and Bioactivity Elucidation","volume":"142","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112946","article-title":"Nepeta curviflora Essential Oil: Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Migratory Efficacy against Cervical Cancer Cells, and \u03b1-Glucosidase, \u03b1-Amylase and Porcine Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities","volume":"158","author":"Jaradat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.06.009","article-title":"Recent Developments in Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques for Tea Quality and Safety Analyses","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2009-7","article-title":"Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Physical Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Sugar Palm (Arenga Pinnata) Starch for Food Packaging","volume":"53","author":"Sanyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.07.026","article-title":"Physical, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Corn Starch Films Incorporated with Plant Essential Oils","volume":"98","author":"Ghasemlou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127556","article-title":"Diverse Effects of Rutin and Quercetin on the Pasting, Rheological and Structural Properties of Tartary Buckwheat Starch","volume":"335","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(00)00237-5","article-title":"Plasticizer Effect on Mechanical Properties of \u03b2-Lactoglobulin Films","volume":"50","author":"Sothornvit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.04.032","article-title":"Formation, Structure and Properties of the Starch-Polyphenol Inclusion Complex: A Review","volume":"112","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Han, J.H. (2005). 22\u2014Emulsion and Bi-Layer Edible Films. Innovations in Food Packaging, Academic Press. Food Science and Technology."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.015","article-title":"Photostabilization of Wood Using Low Molecular Weight Phenol Formaldehyde Resin and Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer","volume":"98","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.10.015","article-title":"Effect of Moderate Electric Field on the Properties of Gelatin Capsule Residue-Based Films","volume":"89","author":"Iahnke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:21:59Z","timestamp":1790324519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18192341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18192341","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}