{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1790942152427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing nanoformulations of antitumor drugs represents a critical priority in addressing key challenges of free drug administration such as low therapeutic efficacy, poor bioavailability, and severe side effects, including high systemic toxicity. In this study, mPEG-b-PCL block copolymers of different molecular weights were synthesized and applied to develop nanoformulations of the antitumor aziridine-functionalized 1,3,5-triazine derivative, dioxadet (DOD) via nanoprecipitation. The resulting DOD-loaded nanoparticles exhibited optimal characteristics for intravenous administration, and high encapsulation efficiency. The effect of mPEG-b-PCL molecular weight on drug encapsulation and release was investigated, and the results were elucidated through computational analysis of the molecular binding mechanism between DOD and PCL. Release profiles showed a sustained biphasic pattern. Determination of DOD concentration in blood of healthy rats indicated that the nanoformulation extended DOD\u2019s circulation time. The empty nanoparticles were well-tolerated by both normal and cancer cells. The nanoformulation maintained inhibitory activity against A549 cells with an IC50, comparable to that of free DOD. The antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity of the optimized nanoformulation were demonstrated in mice using two ascitic tumor models (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and L1210 lymphoid leukemia) and one solid tumor model (Lewis lung epidermoid carcinoma) with the greatest therapeutic effect observed against the solid tumor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18192409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:21:49Z","timestamp":1790940109000},"page":"2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["mPEG-b-PCL-Based Nanoformulations of Aziridine-Functionalized 1,3,5-Triazine Derivative for Cancer Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Bagaeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Sinitsyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch of Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d\u2014Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Bolshoi Pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuliia","family":"Zmitrichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMRC Institute of Oncology Named After N.N. Petrov, Leningradskaya Str. 68, Pesochny, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gregorii","family":"Tochilnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMRC Institute of Oncology Named After N.N. Petrov, Leningradskaya Str. 68, Pesochny, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tupikina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Silonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4810-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Orlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Korzhikov-Vlakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2530-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia","family":"Korzhikova-Vlakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Branch of Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d\u2014Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Bolshoi Pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i48A33251","article-title":"A Review on the Reported Antibacterial Activity of 1,3,5-Triazine","volume":"33","author":"Basak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22154","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.22154","article-title":"Tri-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-based analogs as effective HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Khalifa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s44442-025-00012-2","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antiviral activity of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potential PIKfyve inhibitor","volume":"29","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000363","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202000363","article-title":"1,3,5-Triazine: A versatile pharmacophore with diverse biological activities","volume":"354","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116680","article-title":"1,3,5-Triazine as a promising scaffold in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer","volume":"276","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.17816\/RCF625968","article-title":"Targeted delivery of the domestic anticancer drug from the group of aziridine triazines (literature review)","volume":"22","author":"Belyaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.4908","article-title":"Aziridine-Functionalized 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, DFT Study, DNA Binding Investigations and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity","volume":"61","author":"Protas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117630","article-title":"Biocompatibility and bioactivity study of a cytostatic drug belonging to the group of alkylating agents of the triazine derivative class","volume":"343","author":"Mikolaichuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.005817","article-title":"Morphological changes in the ovarian carcinoma cells of Wistar rats induced by chemotherapy with cisplatin and dioxadet","volume":"9","author":"Zhikhoreva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2017.1375161","article-title":"Comparative efficacy evaluation of catheter intraperitoneal chemotherapy, normothermic and hyperthermic chemoperfusion in a rat model of ascitic ovarian cancer","volume":"34","author":"Bespalov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24140","article-title":"Both heat and new chemotherapeutic drug dioxadet in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion improved survival in rat ovarian cancer model","volume":"113","author":"Bespalov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3621-5","article-title":"Comparative Study of Antitumor Efficiency of Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Cytostatics in Experimental Rats with Disseminated Ovarian Cancer","volume":"162","author":"Bespalov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"216","article-title":"Multicenter clinical trial of the antitumor drug Dioxadet (phase II)","volume":"44","author":"Gershanovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vopr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-019-00838-9","article-title":"Synthesis and cellular effects of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives in DLD and Ht-29 human colon cancer cell lines","volume":"38","author":"Hermanowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.09.035","article-title":"1,3,5-Triazines: A promising scaffold for anticancer drugs development","volume":"142","author":"Cascioferro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuskov, A.N., Kukovyakina, E.V., and Krasnoselskaya, E.N. (2025). Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070817"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01889-y","article-title":"Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mencom.2024.01.006","article-title":"Doxorubicin delivery systems based on polypeptide nanoparticles for subcutaneous administration in cancer therapy","volume":"34","author":"Sudareva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mendeleev Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2023.2270064","article-title":"Dual drug loaded polypeptide delivery systems for cancer therapy","volume":"40","author":"Zashikhina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caraway, C.A., Gaitsch, H., Wicks, E.E., Kalluri, A., Kunadi, N., and Tyler, B.M. (2022). Polymeric Nanoparticles in Brain Cancer Therapy: A Review of Current Approaches. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14142963"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5718","article-title":"Cancer drug delivery in the nano era: An overview and perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-016-0294-4","article-title":"Dioxadet-loaded nanogels as a potential formulation for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"47","author":"Voeikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.141046","article-title":"Covalent conjugate based on graphene oxide and alkylating agent belonging to 1,3,5-triazine class as promising agent for anticancer chemo- and phototherapy","volume":"1326","author":"Semenov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123826","article-title":"Incorporating surfactants into PCL microneedles for sustained release of a hydrophilic model drug","volume":"652","author":"Bader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzhikov-Vlakh, V., Sinitsyna, E., Stepanova, M., Korzhikova-Vlakh, E., and Tennikova, T. (2025). Comparison of Different Aliphatic Polyester-Based Microparticles as Protein Delivery Systems. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192676"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1446","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1446","article-title":"Recent advances in aliphatic polyesters for drug delivery applications","volume":"9","author":"Washington","year":"2017","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slomkowski, S., Basinska, T., Gadzinowski, M., and Mickiewicz, D. (2024). Polyesters and Polyester Nano- and Microcarriers for Drug Delivery. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16172503"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanova, M., Averianov, I., Gofman, I., Shevchenko, N., Rubinstein, A., Egorova, T., Trulioff, A., Nashchekina, Y., Kudryavtsev, I., and Demyanova, E. (2023). Drug Loaded 3D-Printed Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Scaffolds for Local Antibacterial or Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Bone Regeneration. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193957"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","article-title":"PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery","volume":"99","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70155","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.70155","article-title":"Co-Loaded Nanoparticles of Empagliflozin and Rutin for Pancreatitis Prevention and Anticancer Activity","volume":"86","author":"Maan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devasvaran, K., Jairaman, S., Yahaya, N.A., Jaganath, I.B.S., Khung, Y.L., Lim, V., and Ngalim, S.H. (2020). PEG-b-PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded with Geraniin from Phyllanthus Watsonii Extract as a Phytochemical Delivery Model. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144891"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123067","article-title":"Harnessing the power of PLA-PEG nanoparticles for Linezolid delivery against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"642","author":"Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124183","article-title":"RGD-tagging of star-shaped PLA-PEG micellar nanoassemblies enhances doxorubicin efficacy against osteosarcoma","volume":"657","author":"Oliva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1039\/C6BM00584E","article-title":"Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of hydrolytically degradable materials based on aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates","volume":"5","author":"Brannigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanova, M., and Korzhikova-Vlakh, E. (2022). Modification of Cellulose Micro- and Nanomaterials to Improve Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters\/Cellulose Composites: A Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071477"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.11.009","article-title":"A review of the formation and classification of amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticulate structures: Micelles, nanospheres, nanocapsules and polymersomes","volume":"65","author":"Letchford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2012.746746","article-title":"Comparative studies of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and poly(D,L-lactide) as core materials of polymeric micelles","volume":"30","author":"Theerasilp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107353","article-title":"Voriconazole topical delivery using PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer nanomicelles; an efficient approach to treat Candida albicans skin infections","volume":"113","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.07.033","article-title":"Multi-drug delivery to tumor cells via micellar nanocarriers","volume":"419","author":"Katragadda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacalone, G., Tsapis, N., Mousnier, L., Chacun, H., and Fattal, E. (2018). PLA-PEG Nanoparticles Improve the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosiglitazone on Macrophages by Enhancing Drug Uptake Compared to Free Rosiglitazone. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101845"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093024020030","article-title":"Features of the Humoral Immune Response When Using Protein Immobilized on the Surface of Nano- and Microparticles Based on Poly(Lactic Acid)","volume":"60","author":"Sakhabeev","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.18620\/ctt-1866-8836-2024-13-1-42-48","article-title":"Effect of the size of polymer particles bearing protein antigen on the in vivo T-cellular immune response","volume":"13","author":"Sakhabeev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Ther. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.05.028","article-title":"PEG-PCL-based nanomedicines: A biodegradable drug delivery system and its application","volume":"260","author":"Grossen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.141524","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of a pH-sensitive PCL-PAMAM G4 nanocarrier for co-delivery of silver nanoparticles and quercetin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"1330","author":"Baghersad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102782","article-title":"Preparation and anti-tumor activity of PEG-PCL polymersomes loaded with curcumol derivative in HepG2 cell line","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Edition, E. (2011). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Frisch, B.M.M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G.A., and Nakatsuji, H. (2016). Gaussian 16, Revision A.03, Gaussian Inc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3382344","article-title":"A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu","volume":"132","author":"Grimme","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1327","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1327","article-title":"Software update: The ORCA program system, version 4.0","volume":"8","author":"Neese","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.8b01176","article-title":"GFN2-xTB\u2014An Accurate and Broadly Parametrized Self-Consistent Tight-Binding Quantum Chemical Method with Multipole Electrostatics and Density-Dependent Dispersion Contributions","volume":"15","author":"Bannwarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","article-title":"Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinitsyna, E., Bagaeva, I., Gandalipov, E., Fedotova, E., Korzhikov-Vlakh, V., Tennikova, T., and Korzhikova-Vlakh, E. (2022). Nanomedicines Bearing an Alkylating Cytostatic Drug from the Group of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives: Development and Characterization. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112506"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114079","article-title":"To PEGylate or not to PEGylate: Immunological properties of nanomedicine\u2019s most popular component, polyethylene glycol and its alternatives","volume":"180","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ukasiewicz, S., Miko\u0142ajczyk, A., B\u0142asiak, E., Fic, E., and Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, M. (2021). Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles as Promising Candidates for Nanocarriers in Novel Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020191"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Paclitaxel-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles for lung tumors; formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization and release kinetic studies","volume":"46","author":"Dogan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ank. Univ. Eczac. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyuklieva, R., Hristozova, A., and Pilicheva, B. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of PCL-Idebenone Nanoparticles for Potential Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051491"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2025.114033","article-title":"Polycaprolactone (PCL): The biodegradable polyester shaping the future of materials\u2014A review on synthesis, properties, biodegradation, applications and future perspectives","volume":"234","author":"Ntrivala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2011.03.055","article-title":"Relationships between interaction energy, intermolecular distance and electron density properties in hydrogen bonded complexes under external electric fields","volume":"507","author":"Mata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02654-4","article-title":"Biodegradable PEG-PCL Nanoparticles for Co-delivery of MUC1 Inhibitor and Doxorubicin for the Confinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Behl","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S349516","article-title":"Poly(\u03f5-Caprolactone)-Methoxypolyethylene Glycol (PCL-MPEG)-Based Micelles for Drug-Delivery: The Effect of PCL Chain Length on Blood Components, Phagocytosis, and Biodistribution","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.09.021","article-title":"Synthesis, isothermal crystallization and micellization of mPEG\u2013PCL diblock copolymers catalyzed by yttrium complex","volume":"48","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetab Boushehri, M., Dietrich, D., and Lamprecht, A. (2020). Nanotechnology as a Platform for the Development of Injectable Parenteral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review of the Know-Hows and State of the Art. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060510"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22701","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR05933K","article-title":"Polymer nanoparticles for the intravenous delivery of anticancer drugs: The checkpoints on the road from the synthesis to clinical translation","volume":"10","author":"Ferrari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.06.076","article-title":"mPEG-co-PCL nanoparticles: The influence of hydrophobic segment on methotrexate drug delivery","volume":"555","author":"Piazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalermnon, M., Cherdchom, S., Sereemaspun, A., Rojanathanes, R., and Khotavivattana, T. (2021). Biguanide-Based Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives with Anticancer Activity and 1,3,5-Triazine Incorporated Calcium Citrate Nanoparticles. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041028"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Long, J., and Shi, M. (2023). Release Kinetics Model Fitting of Drugs with Different Structures from Viscose Fabric. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083282"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"375","article-title":"Theoretical Description of Hydrogel Swelling: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Ganji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.10.044","article-title":"On the use of the Weibull function for the discernment of drug release mechanisms","volume":"309","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Selection of a model and estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of dioxadet","volume":"19","author":"Korsakov","year":"1985","journal-title":"Khimiko-Pharm. Zhurnal"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2012.657721","article-title":"Investigation on design of stable etoposide-loaded PEG-PCL micelles: Effect of molecular weight of PEG-PCL diblock copolymer on the in vitro and in vivo performance of micelles","volume":"19","author":"Ukawala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/36406.html."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13002-w","article-title":"Nanofibrous materials affect the reaction of cytotoxicity assays","volume":"12","author":"Ciach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, W.-T., Huang, C.-C., and Liu, H.-W. (2022). Evaluation and Preparation of a Designed Kartogenin Drug Delivery System (DDS) of Hydrazone-Linkage-Based pH Responsive mPEG-Hz-b-PCL Nanomicelles for Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.816664"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124843","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric micelles coencapsulating paclitaxel and honokiol: A strategy for breast cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02503-9","article-title":"The effect of paclitaxel on apoptosis, autophagy and mitotic catastrophe in AGS cells","volume":"11","author":"Khing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"6703","article-title":"Influence of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in excision repair proficient and deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"48","author":"Sorenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.08.003","article-title":"siRNA Knockdown of RRM2 Effectively Suppressed Pancreatic Tumor Growth Alone or Synergistically with Doxorubicin","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"771","article-title":"Antitumor activity of dioxadet compared with cisplatin on ascitic ovarian tumor in rats","volume":"57","author":"Bespalov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vopr. Onkol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2409\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:22:54Z","timestamp":1790940174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18192409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18192409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}