{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:51:42Z","timestamp":1791193902076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant MOST 109-2221-E-131-003-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant MOST 109-2221-E-131-003-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Grant MOST 109-2221-E-131-003-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant MOST 109-2221-E-131-003-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The focus of this study is on generating hollow cathode discharge (HCD) plasma inside three types of polymer tubes, resulting in the activation of the tubes\u2019 inner surfaces. To achieve this goal, both theoretical calculations and experiments were carried out to prove that the adopted methodology was feasible. By applying optical emission spectroscopy, with line ratio and modified Boltzmann\u2019s plot methods, the plasma sheath could be estimated and applied to the prediction of HCD generation. To verify whether HCD prevails in the tube, the various power inputs (70~260 W), tube diameters (3~7 mm), and working pressure (0.1 and 0.4 torr) were selected. Accordingly, it was confirmed that the tube diameter must be greater than twice the plasma sheath in order to form HCD, which would then activate the surface. Ar gas was used with a capacitive-coupled RF plasma system. PET, PU, and PTFE tubes were used in this study. The tubes\u2019 inner surfaces were characterized with XPS and water-contact-angle (WCA) analysis. The results also show that once HCD is generated inside the tubes, these tubes\u2019 inner surfaces could become hydrophilic, and the values of WCA might decrease by 40\u00b0, 45\u00b0, and 70\u00b0 respectively for PET, PU, and PTFE, due to the combined effects of the enhanced ion bombardment and radical oxidation. XPS studies show that, for PET and PU, C-O and, particularly, C=O bonds increase significantly. For PTFE, the C-F bonds decrease, while carbon\u2013oxygen bonds increase. Overall, the surface activation is thought to be enhanced by ion bombardment attributable eventually to the hollow cathode effect (HCE).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18192416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1791190638000},"page":"2416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activation of the Internal Surfaces of Polymer Tubes with Argon Plasma Through Hollow Cathode Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jang-Hsing","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyh Wei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Yo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2126-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Bolouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma Technologies, Central European Institute of Technology\u2014CEITEC, Brno University of Technology, Purky\u0148ova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(96)00097-8","article-title":"Application of plasma technologies in fibre-reinforced polymer composites: A review of recent developments","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1039\/B206100G","article-title":"Wet chemical modification of PTFE implant surfaces with a specific cell adhesion molecule","volume":"10","author":"Lohbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallarico, M., Meloni, S.M., Troia, M., Cacci\u00f2, C., Lumbau, A.I., Gendviliene, I., Ceruso, F.M., and Pisano, M. (2025). The Use of Vacuum Plasma Surface Treatment to Improve the Hydrophilicity andWettability of Bone Graft Substitutes and Resorbable Membranes: An In Vitro Study. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13040141"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021853026619","article-title":"Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation of polymers","volume":"4","author":"Fozza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plasmas Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/36\/23\/019","article-title":"Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene film using the atmospheric pressure glow discharge in air","volume":"36","author":"Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.09.070","article-title":"Surface modification of PTFE using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet in argon and argon+CO2","volume":"206","author":"Sarani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komlev, A., Kudryavtseva, D., Neustroev, I., Sudalenko, Y., Altynnikov, A., Tsymbalyuk, A., Gagarin, A., and Platonov, R. (2025). Improved Adhesion of PTFE Surfaces via Low-Power DC Plasma and Fast Neutrals Flow. Coatings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15060644"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2011.05.005","article-title":"Plasma modification and deposition on inner tube faces by pulsed DC discharges","volume":"86","author":"Lackner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3099339","article-title":"Optical diagnosis of an argon\/oxygen needle plasma generated at atmospheric pressure Available to Purchase","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.10.082","article-title":"Small size plasma tools for material processing at atmospheric pressure","volume":"255","author":"Ionita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201000206","article-title":"Multicentre trials for decontamination of fine-lumen PTFE tubes loaded with bacterial endospores by Low and atmospheric pressure","volume":"9","author":"Schnabel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0130829","article-title":"Plasma surface functionalization: A comprehensive review of advances in the quest for bioinstructive materials and interfaces","volume":"10","author":"Zhianmanesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sham, M.L., Lam, M., and Kim, J.K. (2001, January 19\u201322). Adhesion characteristics of underfill material with various package components after plasma and UV\/ozone treatments. Proceedings of the Advances in Electronic Materials and Packaging, Jeju, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getty, J.D., and Zhao, J. (2005, January 25\u201327). Plasma treatment for underfill process in flip chip packaging. Proceedings of the Pan Pacific Symposium, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.37665\/ppELYKN55898"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1116\/1.583078","article-title":"Plasma-etching of organic materials. 1. Polyimide in O2-CF4","volume":"3","author":"Egitto","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760170709","article-title":"The role of the interface in adhesion phenomena","volume":"17","author":"Mittal","year":"1977","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(03)00350-5","article-title":"Functional groups bearing plasma homo and copolymer layers as adhesion promoters in metal\u2013polymer composites","volume":"174\u2013175","author":"Friedrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200400083","article-title":"Soft plasma treated surfaces: Tailoring of structure and properties for biomaterial applications","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00338","article-title":"Antibacterial plasma polymer films conjugated with phospholipid encapsulated silver nanoparticles","volume":"1","author":"Taheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.06.054","article-title":"Plasma co-polymerized nanocoatings\u2014As a biodegradable solid carrier for tunable drug delivery applications","volume":"54","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35218","article-title":"Biomedical coatings on polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.04.044","article-title":"Hemocompatibility and anti-biofouling property improvement of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via self-polymerization of dopamine and covalent graft of zwitterionic cysteine","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Clichici, S., Filip, A., and Nascimento, G.M.D. (2018). Electrospinning Technology: Designing Nanofibers toward Wound Healing Application. Nanomaterials\u2014Toxicity, Human Health and Environment, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Xu, H., Zhang, M., and Yu, D.-G. (2021). Electrospun medicated nanofibers for wound healing: Review. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100770"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"130","article-title":"Electrospun nanofibers as a wound dressing for treating diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Study on morphological properties of polyvinyl alco-hol\/poly(lactic acid) wound dressing membrane as drug delivery carrier in wound healing treatment","volume":"1","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557517666170308112147","article-title":"An overview on ap-plication of natural substances incorporated with electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds to development of innovative wound dressings","volume":"18","author":"Dadashpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abusrafa, A.E., Habi, S., and Popelk, A. (2020). Surface Functionalization of a Polyurethane Surface via Radio-Frequency Cold Plasma Treatment Using Different Gases. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10111067"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Primc, G. (2020). Recent Advances in Surface Activation of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) by Gaseous Plasma Treatments. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102295"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900216","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201900216","article-title":"Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets","volume":"17","author":"Golda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kerala, J.A. (2007). Gas Discharges: Fundamentals and Applications, Transworld Research Network."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"648","article-title":"Radio frequency hollow cathodes for the plasma processing technology","volume":"86\u201387","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(97)00291-0","article-title":"Thin film processing by radio frequency hollow cathodes","volume":"97","author":"Bardos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1594276","article-title":"Role of the fast Ar atoms, Ar+ ions, and metastable Ar atoms in a hollow cathode glow discharge: Study by a hybrid model","volume":"94","author":"Baguer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123305","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1929857","article-title":"Study of the Ar metastable atom population in a hollow cathode discharge by means of a hybrid model and spectrometric measurements","volume":"97","author":"Baguer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2005381","article-title":"Study of the sputtered Cu atoms and ions in a hollow cathode glow discharge using a hybrid model","volume":"98","author":"Baguer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1109\/27.402305","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a segmented hollow cathode over a wide pressure range","volume":"23","author":"Kirkici","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012011","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/715\/1\/012011","article-title":"PTFE treatment by remote atmospheric Ar\/O2 plasmas: A simple reaction scheme model proposal","volume":"715","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02108-1","article-title":"Nearly Perfect Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated by a Simple One-Step Plasma Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2025.100559","article-title":"Effect of plasma processing on the morphological and electrical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate","volume":"20","author":"Prakash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.01.026","article-title":"Comparative study on the effect of RF and DBD plasma treatment on PTFE surface modification","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147356","article-title":"Effect of VUV radiation and reactive hydrogen atoms on depletion of fluorine from polytetrafluoroethylene surface","volume":"533","author":"Lojen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"505","article-title":"Enhanced adhesion between polycarbonate substrate and tin doped indium oxide films by ion assisted reaction","volume":"175\u2013177","author":"Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012107","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/208\/1\/012107","article-title":"Surface free energy analysis for bipolar pulsed argon plasma treated polymer films","volume":"208","author":"Pelagade","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, H., Bolouki, N., Hsieh, S., Li, C., Wu, W., and Hsieh, J.H. (2022). Application of Spectroscopic Analysis for Plasma Polymerization Deposition onto the Inner Surfaces of Silicone Tubes. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12060865"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/15\/1\/007","article-title":"Spectroscopic measurements of the electron temperature in low pressure radiofrequency Ar\/H2\/C2H2 and Ar\/H2\/CH4 plasmas used for the synthesis of nanocarbon structures","volume":"15","author":"Vazquez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025203","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/42\/2\/025203","article-title":"Determining the electron temperature and the electron density by a simple collisional radiative model of Ar and xenon in low pressure discharge","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindner, M. (2020). Effect of Substrate Strain, Aluminum Thickness and Corona Pretreatment on the Electrical Resistance of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10121245"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Zhang, X., Li, T., Li, Z., and Chi, H. (2019). Mechanically Robust Hybrid POSS Thermoplastic Polyurethanes with Enhanced Surface Hydrophobicity. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11020373"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(02)00012-X","article-title":"The effect of contact with PTFE tape on the moisture cure of an alkoxysilicone sealant","volume":"22","author":"Comyna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grill, A. (1994). Cold Plasma Materials Fabrication: From Fundamentals to Applications, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470544273"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2015.02.066","article-title":"The use of hollow cathodes in deposition processes: A critical review","volume":"579","author":"Muhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.137.107","article-title":"Surface modification of polymer by ion assisted reaction","volume":"137","author":"Koh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(03)01176-3","article-title":"Surface modification of polymers by ion-assisted reaction","volume":"445","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SAAC02","DOI":"10.7567\/1347-4065\/aaec8b","article-title":"Grafting of acrylic acid onto microwave plasma-treated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates","volume":"58","author":"Valerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2494\/photopolymer.30.325","article-title":"A Spectroscopic Study on Argon-Ammonia Water Gaseous Plasma Super-hydrophilizing Polytetrafluoroethylene","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365202","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/49\/36\/365202","article-title":"Simultaneous and long-lasting hydrophilization of inner and outer wall surfaces of polytetrafluoroethylene tubes by transferring atmospheric pressure plasmas","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.08.024","article-title":"Surface modification of tube inner wall by transferred atmospheric pressure plasma","volume":"389","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.20234","article-title":"Surface characterization of plasma-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) film surfaces","volume":"42","author":"Inagaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1063\/1.357765","article-title":"Plasma modification of polymethylmethacrylate and polyethyleneterephthalate surfaces","volume":"76","author":"Groning","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.2923","article-title":"Surface modification of polyester by oxygen- and nitrogen-plasma treatment","volume":"40","author":"Vesel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.003","article-title":"Characterization of oxygen and argon ion flux interaction with PET surfaces by in-situ XPS and ex-situ FTIR","volume":"95","author":"Kormunda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12636","DOI":"10.1021\/la802296c","article-title":"Remote Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Activation of the Surfaces of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyethylene Naphthalate","volume":"24","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.04.051","article-title":"Characterization of active screen plasma modified polyurethane surfaces","volume":"206","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045006","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/4\/045006","article-title":"Quantification of the VUV radiation in low pressure hydrogen and nitrogen plasmas","volume":"25","author":"Fantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:58:22Z","timestamp":1791190702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/19\/2416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18192416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18192416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]}}}