{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:49:32Z","timestamp":1791607772655,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito","award":["41977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01r2c3v86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["41977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01r2c3v86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2025-05989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05989"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RGPIN-2025-05989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05989"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) enables the fabrication of complex, structurally efficient parts, but the layer-wise thermal history intrinsic to processes such as material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, and direct ink writing leaves as-printed components in a metastable state: sub-equilibrium crystallinity or incomplete cure, interlayer porosity, weak interlaminar bonding, and locked-in residual stress. Post-fabrication heat treatments have positioned themselves as an attractive and straightforward strategy to address these deficiencies; however, the reported outcomes vary widely across material systems and treatment protocols. This review consolidates and analyzes the existing literature on heat treatment effects in AM-PMCs by organizing the different reported strategies into a taxonomy encompassing free and constrained annealing, pressure-assisted consolidation (including hot isostatic pressing and hot pressing), and post-curing processes for thermoset and photopolymers. The comprehensive literature review allowed identification of four coupled microstructural mechanisms, which govern the resulting property changes after the heat treatment: crystallization, interlayer\/interface healing, porosity evolution, and residual stress relaxation. Post-treatment mechanical testing revealed that interlaminar shear strength exhibits the largest and most consistent improvement, while tensile and flexural performance respond differently depending on material systems and treatment conditions. Thermal and dimensional results are shown to be mechanistically coupled between heat deflection maximization temperature and shrinkage or warping minimization. Reinforcement type and matrix chemistry play a substantial role in modulating the treatment response, as continuous-fiber and carbon-fiber systems generally benefit most from pressure-assisted treatment. The present review concludes by identifying persistent gaps in protocol standardization, interlaminar or fatigue characterization, and reinforcement-treatment coupling studies, while outlining directions, including in situ consolidation and data-driven process-property modeling for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18192446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:34:25Z","timestamp":1791448465000},"page":"2446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat Treatment Effects on Additively Manufactured Polymer Matrix Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4613-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n Omar","family":"Barrionuevo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Quito P.O. Box 17-0901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Quito P.O. Box 17-0901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuvaraj Ravishankar","family":"Chappidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ramos-Grez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna, Santiago 4860, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3640-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson","family":"Navas-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Energ\u00eda y Mec\u00e1nica, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"},{"name":"Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Reyes-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan E.","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monfared, V., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ramakrishna, S., Razzaghi, M., and Berto, F. 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