{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:38:39Z","timestamp":1787614719231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007107","name":"KAIST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01150623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01150623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002543","name":"Pusan National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blood-type-mismatch problem, in addition to shortage of blood donation, in blood transfusion has prompted the researchers to develop universal blood that does not require blood typing. In this work, the \u201ccell-in-shell\u201d (i.e., artificial spore) approach is utilized to shield the immune-provoking epitopes on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Individual RBCs are successfully coated with supramolecular metal-organic coordination complex of ferric ion (FeIII) and tannic acid (TA). The use of isotonic saline (0.85% NaCl) is found to be critical in the formation of stable, reasonably thick (20 nm) shells on RBCs without any aggregation and hemolysis. The formed \u201cRBC-in-shell\u201d structures maintain their original shapes, and effectively attenuate the antibody-mediated agglutination. Moreover, the oxygen-carrying capability of RBCs is not deteriorated after shell formation. This work suggests a simple but fast method for generating immune-camouflaged RBCs, which would contribute to the development of universal blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9040140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1492080944000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Artificial Spores: Immunoprotective Nanocoating of Red Blood Cells with Supramolecular Ferric Ion-Tannic Acid Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Taegyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yup","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeoncheol","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Chul","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daewha","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7354-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonhong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Daejeon 34943, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insung S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201202174","article-title":"Artificial Spores: Cytocompatible encapsulation of individual living cells within thin, tough artificial shells","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.05.009","article-title":"Artificial spores: Cytoprotective nanoencapsulation of living cells","volume":"31","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304568","article-title":"Nanocoating of single cells: From maintenance of cell viability to manipulation of cellular activities","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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