{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:41:31Z","timestamp":1788489691524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tiroler Wissenschaftsfond","award":["UNI-0404\/1481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNI-0404\/1481"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanical stability of conventional single-channel capillary fibres can be improved in a multi-channel geometry, which has previously found application in ultrafiltration. In this work, multi-channel polyethersulfone (PES) capillary membranes comprising seven feed channels were successfully fabricated in an enhanced steam\u2013dry\u2013wet spinning process and coated on the inner surface with a thin polyamide (PA) layer via interfacial polymerization (IP). The coating procedure consisted of impregnating the support multi-channel capillary membranes (MCM) with an aqueous piperazine solution, flushing with nitrogen gas to remove excess droplets, and pumping an organic trimesoylchloride solution through the channels. Insights into the interfacial polymerization process were gained through the investigation of various parameters, including monomer ratio, contact time, and drying time. Membranes were characterised via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and filtration experiments. The optimisation of both the PES support membrane and IP process parameters allowed for the fabrication of composite MCM with an MgSO4 rejection of 91.4% and a solute flux of 68.8 L m\u22122 h\u22121 at an applied pressure of 3 bar. The fabricated composite MCM demonstrates that a favourable multi-channel arrangement can be upgraded with a PA layer for application in low-pressure nanofiltration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9120654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T11:23:50Z","timestamp":1511868230000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Poly(piperazine-amide)\/PES Composite Multi-Channel Capillary Membranes for Low-Pressure Nanofiltration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Back","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Spruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2561-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Penner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Rupprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00120-5","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of NF composite membrane","volume":"210","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5866(00)00133-7","article-title":"Development and characterization of ceramic nanofiltration membranes","volume":"22\u201323","author":"Benfer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Inopor GmbH (2017, November 18). Ceramic Nanofiltration. Available online: http:\/\/www.inopor.com\/en\/products\/ceramic-nanofiltration.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Inge GmbH (2017, November 18). Multibore\u00ae Membranes. Available online: http:\/\/www.inge.basf.com\/ev\/internet\/inge\/en\/content\/inge\/Produkte\/Multibore_Membran."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.03.020","article-title":"Ultrafiltration with multi-bore membranes as seawater pre-treatment","volume":"182","author":"Gille","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.04.010","article-title":"Pilot Tests of Multibore UF Membrane at Addur SWRO Desalination Plant, Bahrain","volume":"203","author":"Czolkoss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2012.2446","article-title":"Optimisation of the geometry of a polymeric Multibore\u00ae ultrafiltration membrane and its operational advantages over standard single bore fibres","volume":"42","author":"Heijnen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"GE Water (2017, November 18). ZeeWeed 700B Membrane. Available online: https:\/\/www.suezwatertechnologies.com\/products\/zeeweed-700b-membrane."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2017.09.019","article-title":"Seven-Bore Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) for Ultrafiltration (UF)","volume":"128","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.08.003","article-title":"Design and fabrication of lotus-root-like multi-bore hollow fiber membrane for direct contact membrane distillation","volume":"421\u2013422","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14323","article-title":"Exploring the spinning and operations of multibore hollow fiber membranes for vacuum membrane distillation","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., and Chung, T.S. (2013). A New-Generation Asymmetric Multi-Bore Hollow Fiber Membrane for Sustainable Water Production via Vacuum Membrane Distillation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 6272\u20136278.","DOI":"10.1021\/es400356z"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.04.058","article-title":"Tri-bore PVDF hollow fibers with a super-hydrophobic coating for membrane distillation","volume":"514","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.04.059","article-title":"Triple-bore hollow fiber membrane contactor for liquid desiccant based air dehumidification","volume":"514","author":"Bettahalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.07.059","article-title":"Thin-film composite tri-bore hollow fiber (TFC TbHF) membranes for isopropanol dehydration by pervaporation","volume":"471","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.03.007","article-title":"Novel thin-film composite tri-bore hollow fiber membrane fabrication for forward osmosis","volume":"461","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.15012","article-title":"Engineering design of outer-selective tribore hollow fiber membranes for forward osmosis and oil-water separation","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.04.004","article-title":"A recent progress in thin film composite membrane: A review","volume":"287","author":"Lau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(93)80014-O","article-title":"Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes","volume":"83","author":"Petersen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wilson, I.D., Adlard, E.R., Cooke, M., and Poole, C.F. (2000). Membrane Preparation: Interfacial Composite Membranes. Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.661278","article-title":"Preparation polyamide nanofiltration membrane by interfacial polymerization","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36542","article-title":"Effect of the manufacturing conditions on the structure and performance of thin-film composite membranes","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.02.034","article-title":"Developing thin film composite poly(piperazine-amide) and poly(vinyl-alcohol) nanofiltration membranes","volume":"257","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.529.569","article-title":"Study on Compositions in Aqueous Phase of Hollow Fiber Composite Nanofiltration Membrane","volume":"529","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.07.033","article-title":"Fabrication and development of interfacial polymerized thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane using different surfactants in organic phase; study of morphology and performance","volume":"343","author":"Mansourpanah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.10.042","article-title":"Mechanisms of structure and performance controlled thin film composite membrane formation via interfacial polymerization process","volume":"251","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lau, W.J., and Ismail, A.F. (2011, January 19\u201321). Progress in Interfacial Polymerization Technique on Composite Membrane Preparation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.12.032","article-title":"Dual layer composite nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes for low-pressure water softening","volume":"55","author":"Setiawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.01.046","article-title":"Novel thin-film composite nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes with double repulsion for effective removal of emerging organic matters from water","volume":"401\u2013402","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.12.011","article-title":"Interfacially polymerized composite nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes for low-pressure water softening","volume":"430","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.04.020","article-title":"Thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes: An optimized manufacturing method","volume":"264","author":"Peinemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.06.009","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of polypiperazine amide\/PPESK hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane","volume":"301","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5866(00)00171-4","article-title":"Capillary hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes","volume":"22\u201323","author":"Frank","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.03.069","article-title":"New composite hollow fiber membrane for nanofiltration","volume":"184","author":"Peinemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.12.051","article-title":"Interfacially polymerized hydrophilic microporous thin film composite membranes on porous polypropylene hollow fibers and flat films","volume":"279","author":"Korikov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.01.002","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of composite multichannel capillary membranes on the way to nanofiltration","volume":"314","author":"Spruck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)00552-4","article-title":"Effect of wet and dry-jet wet spinning on the shear-induced orientation during the formation of ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes","volume":"182","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.200500031","article-title":"Membrantechnolgie in der Prozessindustrie\u2014Polymere Membranwerkstoffe","volume":"77","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2007.07.009","article-title":"An improved process to prepare high separation performance PA\/PVDF hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membranes","volume":"58","author":"Lui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spruck, M., Stadlmayr, W., Koch, M., Mayr, L., Penner, S., and Rupprich, M. (2015). Influence of the coagulation medium on the performance of poly(ether sulfone) flat-sheet membranes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 132.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.41645"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.03.036","article-title":"Study on the thin film composite poly(piperazine-amide) nanofiltration membrane: Impacts of physicochemical properties of substrate on interfacial polymerization formation","volume":"344","author":"Misdan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.07.085","article-title":"Chemistry and fabrication of polymeric nanofiltration membranes: A review","volume":"103","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.19660781632","article-title":"Condensation Polymers: By Interfacial and Solution Methods","volume":"78","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)85013-9","article-title":"Structure-performance relationships of composite membranes: Porous support densification","volume":"32","author":"Bartels","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1021\/es034815u","article-title":"Swelling and Morphology of the Skin Layer of Polyamide Composite Membranes: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study","volume":"38","author":"Freger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder, M. (1996). Basic Principles of Membrane Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1766-8"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Dow Filmtec (2017, November 18). NF90-400\/34i Element. Available online: http:\/\/msdssearch.dow.com\/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM\/dh_0979\/0901b80380979557.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"GE Water (2017, November 18). Flat Sheet Membrane Chart. Available online: https:\/\/www.suezwatertechnologies.com\/kcpguest\/salesedge\/documents\/Technical%20Bulletins_Cust\/Americas\/English\/TB1152EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Synder Filtration (2017, November 18). Sanitary Nanofiltration Spiral-Wound Element: NDX (500\u2013700Da). Available online: http:\/\/synderfiltration.com\/2014\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/NDX-Specsheet-TFC-500\u2013700Da-Sanitary.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.1976.021771106","article-title":"Mechanism of interfacial polycondensation and the direct synthesis of stable polyamide membranes","volume":"177","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1976","journal-title":"Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965544115100138","article-title":"Modification of hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes by interfacial polycondensation: Monomer ratio effect","volume":"55","author":"Liubimova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pet. Chem."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/9\/12\/654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:51:42Z","timestamp":1760208702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/9\/12\/654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym9120654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym9120654","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]}}}