{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:46:17Z","timestamp":1766515577393,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of sustainable use of resources, hydrothermal conversion of biomass has received increased consideration. As well, the hydrochar (the solid C-rich phase that occurs after the process) has caused great interest. In this work, spruce bark (Picea abies) wastes were considered as feedstock and the influence of hydrothermal process parameters (temperature, reaction time, and biomass to water ratio) on the conversion degree has been studied. Using the response surface methodology and MiniTab software, the process parameters were set up and showed that temperature was the significant factor influencing the conversion, while residence time and the solid-to-liquid ratio had a low influence. Furthermore, the chemical (proximate and ultimate analysis), structural (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy) and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis) of feedstock and hydrochar were analyzed. Hydrochar obtained at 280 \u00b0C, 1 h processing time, and 1\/5 solid-to-liquid ratio presented a hydrophobic character, numerous functional groups, a lower O and H content, and an improved C matter, as well as a good thermal stability. Alongside the structural features, these characteristics endorsed this waste-based product for applications other than those already known as a heat source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10010111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Sustainable Approach on Spruce Bark Waste Valorization through Hydrothermal Conversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Iuliana","family":"Bejenari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5312-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Hristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Development Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucuresti, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"C\u0103r\u0103u\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Machine Manufacturing and Industrial Management, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 59 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Mija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Nice, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, CEDEX 02, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Volf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volf, I., and Popa, V.I. (2018). Integrated Processing of Biomass Resources for Fine Chemical Obtaining: Polyphenols. 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