{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:46:20Z","timestamp":1782323180841,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"YUTP","award":["015LC0-284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LC0-284"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a clean primary energy source that is growing in popularity due to the distance between natural gas (NG)-producing countries and importing countries. The large amount of cold energy stored in LNG presents an opportunity for sustainable technologies to recover and utilize this energy. This can enhance the energy efficiency of LNG regasification terminals and the economic viability of the LNG supply chain. The energy stored in LNG in the form of low temperatures is referred to as cold energy. When LNG is regasified, or converted back into its gaseous form, this cold energy is released. This process involves heating the LNG, which causes it to vaporize and release its stored energy. The current state-of-the-art techniques for LNG cold energy utilization, including power generation, air separation, traditional desalination, and cryogenics carbon dioxide (CO2) capture are discussed in this review. While most of the current LNG cold energy utilization systems are presented, potential future applications are also discussed. The commercialization of sustainable technologies, such as improvement strategies for LNG cold energy utilization, is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T02:32:07Z","timestamp":1675909927000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Utilization of Cold Energy from LNG Regasification Process: A Review of Current Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5176-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Haziq","family":"Noor Akashah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Erniza","family":"Mohammad Rozali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Systems Engineering (CSE), Institute of Autonomous Systems, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhaimi","family":"Mahadzir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Systems Engineering (CSE), Institute of Autonomous Systems, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng Yen","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BP, p.l.c (2022, December 22). BP Energy Outlook 2035: February 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/energy-outlook\/bp-energy-outlook-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, December 22). ExxonMobil Outlook For Energy: A Perspective to 2040. Available online: https:\/\/corporate.exxonmobil.com\/-\/media\/Global\/Files\/outlook-for-energy\/2019-Outlook-for-Energy_v4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Roser, M., and Rosado, P. (2022, December 23). CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/344529a0","article-title":"Relative Contributions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Global Warming","volume":"344","author":"Lashof","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2015). World Outlook Energy 2015, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.102","article-title":"An Analysis of the Current and Future Use of Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants in Meeting Electricity Energy Needs: The Case of Turkey","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1021\/ie302877g","article-title":"Current Status and Perspectives of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant Design","volume":"52","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2017.10.002","article-title":"The Role of Natural Gas and Its Infrastructure in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Improving Regional Air Quality, and Renewable Resource Integration","volume":"64","author":"Brouwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Brown, S.P., Krupnick, A., and Walls, M.A. (2009). Natural Gas: A Bridge to a Low-Carbon Future. Issue Br., 9\u201311."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"155","article-title":"Natural Gas\u2014An Environmentally Friendly Fuel for Urban Vehicles: The SMART Demonstrator Approach","volume":"61","author":"Tilagone","year":"2005","journal-title":"SAE Tech. Pap."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Smil, V. (2015). Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.12.012","article-title":"The Development of Natural Gas Supply Costs to Europe, the United States and Japan in a Globalizing Gas Market\u2014Model-Based Analysis until 2030","volume":"37","author":"Lochner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mokhatab, S., Mak, J.Y., Valappil, J.V., and Wood, D.A. (2013). Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Economics of Gas to Wire Technology Applied in Gas Flare Management","volume":"19","author":"Ojijiagwo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.03.067","article-title":"Current Status and Future Projections of LNG Demand and Supplies: A Global Prospective","volume":"39","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.06.035","article-title":"LNG: An Eco-Friendly Cryogenic Fuel for Sustainable Development","volume":"88","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.115900","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-014-0047-x","article-title":"Current Trends for the Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) Technologies","volume":"31","author":"Won","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.111571","article-title":"Collision-Accidental Limit States-Based Safety Studies for a LNG-Fuelled Containership","volume":"257","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14231","article-title":"A Novel Conceptual Design by Integrating NGL Recovery and LNG Re-Gasification Process for Maximum Energy Savings","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.170","article-title":"LNG Cold Energy Utilization: Prospects and Challenges","volume":"170","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.03.076","article-title":"Waste Cold Energy Recovery from Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Regasification Including Pressure and Thermal Energy","volume":"152","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012148","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/502\/1\/012148","article-title":"Progress of Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"502","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131517","article-title":"Recovery of Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy in a Clean Cogeneration System Utilizing Concentrated Photovoltaics","volume":"350","author":"Jamali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.07.101","article-title":"Optimum Design and Exergy Analysis of a Novel Cryogenic Air Separation Process with LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"90","author":"Mehrpooya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-7007(81)90076-1","article-title":"Utilization of LNG Cold","volume":"4","author":"Hirakawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.161","article-title":"Cold Utilization Systems of LNG: A Review","volume":"79","author":"Kanbur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12051","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/983\/1\/012051","article-title":"Global LNG Market: Supply-Demand and Economic Analysis","volume":"983","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10687","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b02020","article-title":"Economic Feasibility of Power Generation by Recovering Cold Energy during LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Regasification","volume":"6","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114150","article-title":"Economic Comparison between SCO2 Power Cycle and Water-Steam Rankine Cycle for Coal-Fired Power Generation System","volume":"238","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.150","article-title":"Working Fluid Selection of Organic Rankine Cycles","volume":"6","author":"Herath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(96)00165-X","article-title":"A Review of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) for the Recovery of Low-Grade Waste Heat","volume":"22","author":"Hung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012019","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/413\/1\/012019","article-title":"A Review of Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications","volume":"413","author":"Babatunde","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Datla, B.V., and Brasz, J. (2014). Comparing R1233zd and R245fa for Low Temperature ORC Applications. Int. Refrig. Air Cond. Conf., 7."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.08.042","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization and Exergetic Analysis of a Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery ORC Application on a Brazilian FPSO","volume":"174","author":"Sotomonte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovegrove, K., and Stein, W. (2021). Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819970-1.00012-8"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(98)00034-8","article-title":"Proposal for a High Efficiency LNG Power-Generation System Utilizing Waste Heat from the Combined Cycle","volume":"60","author":"Hisazumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.12.510","article-title":"Multi-Parameter Optimization and Fluid Selection Guidance of a Two-Stage Organic Rankine Cycle Utilizing LNG Cold Energy and Low Grade Heat","volume":"142","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S., Choi, W., Kim, G., Seo, J., Lee, S., Jeong, H., and Sung, Y. (2022). Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization for Land-Based Cold Water Fish Aquaculture in South Korea. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197322"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3311\/PPme.16668","article-title":"Cold Energy Utilization in LNG Regasification System Using Organic Rankine Cycle and Trilateral Flash Cycle","volume":"64","author":"Daniarta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2341-0_52","article-title":"Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) for Simultaneous Utilization of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Cold Energy and Low-Temperature Waste Heat","volume":"634","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119268","article-title":"Optimal Design of Organic Rankine Cycle Recovering LNG Cold Energy with Finite Heat Exchanger Size","volume":"217","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryogenics.2022.103599","article-title":"Appropriate Number of Stages of an ORC Driven by LNG Cold Energy to Produce Acceptable Power with Reasonable Surface Area of Heat Exchangers","volume":"128","author":"Joy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cryogenics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126227","article-title":"Exergetic and Economic Evaluation of a Novel Integrated System for Cogeneration of Power and Freshwater Using Waste Heat Recovery of Natural Gas Combined Cycle","volume":"264","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124922","article-title":"Size Reduction and Enhanced Power Generation in ORC by Vaporizing LNG at High Supercritical Pressure Irrespective of Delivery Pressure","volume":"260","author":"Joy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124528","article-title":"A Novel Negative Carbon-Emission, Cooling, and Power Generation System Based on Combined LNG Regasification and Waste Heat Recovery: Energy, Exergy, Economic, Environmental (4E) Evaluations","volume":"257","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"100930","article-title":"Enhancing Generation of Green Power from the Cold of Vaporizing LNG at 30 Bar by Optimising Heat Exchanger Surface Area in a Multi-Staged Organic Rankine Cycle","volume":"43","author":"Joy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.105974","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of a Multi-Stage Rankine Cycle Power System Combining with Hydrate Energy Storage for Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114706","article-title":"Effects of Cooling and Heating Sources Properties and Working Fluid Selection on Cryogenic Organic Rankine Cycle for LNG Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"247","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.118672","article-title":"Design and Analysis of LNG Cold Energy Cascade Utilization System Integrating Light Hydrocarbon Separation, Organic Rankine Cycle and Direct Cooling","volume":"213","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuailing, L., Guoyuan, M., Shuxue, X., Yuexuan, G., Xiaoya, J., and Guoqiang, W. (2022). A Review of Reverse Brayton Air Cycle Refrigerators. Int. J. Refrig., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2022.12.024"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"071601","article-title":"Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle for Simple Cycle Gas Turbines Exhaust Heat Recovery Using Genetic Algorithm","volume":"140","author":"Khadse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, M.E., Taimoor, A.A., and Almitani, K.H. (2018). Energy and Exergy Analysis of the S-CO2 Brayton Cycle Coupled with Bottoming Cycles. Processes, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr6090153"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113802","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of a Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling and Recovering System in Gas Turbine and CO2 Combined Cycle Using Cold Energy from LNG Terminal","volume":"230","author":"Cha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12082","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7972","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Novel Supercritical CO2 Cycle-Based Combined Cycle for Solar Power Tower Plants Integrated with SOFC and LNG Cold Energy and Regasification","volume":"46","author":"Taheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115395","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Novel Combined Parallel Power Generation System Using CO2 and N2 for Cascade Recovery of LNG Cryogenic Energy","volume":"256","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200632","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202200632","article-title":"Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System-Integrated Rankine Cycle and Brayton Cycle Utilizing the Liquified Natural Gas Cold Energy","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114904","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a Novel Hydrogen Liquefaction Process with LNG Precooling and Dual-Pressure Brayton Cycle","volume":"250","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.02.111","article-title":"Proposal and Thermo-Economic Optimization of Using LNG Cold Exergy for Compressor Inlet Cooling in an Integrated Biomass Fueled Triple Combined Power Cycle","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124047","article-title":"Design and Analysis of an Efficient Hydrogen Liquefaction Process Based on Helium Reverse Brayton Cycle Integrating with Steam Methane Reforming and Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"252","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.10.032","article-title":"The Role of Real Gas Brayton Cycles for the Use of Liquid Natural Gas Physical Exergy","volume":"31","author":"Angelino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3239632","article-title":"Combined-Cycle System with Novel Bottoming Cycle","volume":"106","author":"Kalina","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.11.034","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of an Ammonia-Water Power System with LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as Its Heat Sink","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.049","article-title":"Exergoeconomic Optimization of a Novel Cascade Kalina\/Kalina Cycle Using Geothermal Heat Source and LNG Cold Energy Recovery","volume":"189","author":"Ghaebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Xue, X., Wang, G., and Mei, S. (2019). Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Power System Combining Kalina Cycle with Liquid Air Energy Storage. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21030220"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayou, D.S., and Eveloy, V. (2020). Integration of Municipal Air-Conditioning, Power, and Gas Supplies Using an LNG Cold Exergy-Assisted Kalina Cycle System. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184599"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114148","article-title":"Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power System Based on Organic Rankine and Kalina Cycles Using Liquified Natural Gas Cold Energy","volume":"238","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113541","article-title":"Continuous Production of Cryogenic Energy at Low-Temperature Using Two-Stage Ejector Cooling System, Kalina Power Cycle, Cold Energy Storage Unit, and Photovoltaic System","volume":"227","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.103711","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Economic Analyses of a Novel Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Coupled with Thermoelectric Generator and Kalina Cycle","volume":"45","author":"Nabat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b04282","article-title":"Optimal Use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Cold Energy in Air Separation Units","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.220","article-title":"Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Novel Distillation Column of the Air Separation Unit with Integration of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Regasification","volume":"171","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1205\/026387603321158320","article-title":"Internally Heat\u2013Integrated Distillation Columns: A Review","volume":"81","author":"Nakaiwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123027","article-title":"Optimization of a Novel Cryogenic Air Separation Process Based on Cold Energy Recovery of LNG with Exergoeconomic Analysis","volume":"275","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2021.101251","article-title":"Energy Assessment and External Circulation Design for LNG Cold Energy Air Separation Process under Four Different Pressure Matching Schemes","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.06.034","article-title":"Feasibility and Performance Analysis of a Novel Air Separation Unit with Energy Storage and Air Recovery","volume":"195","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c03730","article-title":"Conventional and Advanced Exergy Analyses of an Integrated LNG Regasification\u2013Air Separation Process","volume":"61","author":"Hamayun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"101875","article-title":"Proposal and Investigation of a Novel Process Configuration for Production of Neon from Cryogenic Air Separation Unit","volume":"50","author":"Saedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2021.101111","article-title":"Conceptual Design and Assessment of a Novel Energy Management System for LNG Fueled Ships with Air Separation","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2022.11.030","article-title":"Energy, Exergy and Economic Analyses of an Optimal Use of Cryogenic Liquid Turbine Expander in Air Separation Units","volume":"189","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118328","article-title":"Energy Integration of LNG Light Hydrocarbon Recovery and Air Separation: Process Design and Technic-Economic Analysis","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.02.016","article-title":"Conventional and Advanced Exergoeconomic Assessments of a New Air Separation Unit Integrated with a Carbon Dioxide Electrical Power Cycle and a Liquefied Natural Gas Regasification Unit","volume":"163","author":"Mehrpooya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"102501","article-title":"Safe Design of Liquid Oxygen Plant That Absorbs LNG Cold Energy and Offsets Supply Disruption by Injecting Liquid Nitrogen","volume":"53","author":"Joy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Mujtaba, I.M., and Sowgath, M.T. (2022). Desalination Technologies, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.09.034","article-title":"Theoretical Approach of Freeze Seawater Desalination on Flake Ice Maker Utilizing LNG Cold Energy","volume":"355","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.02.002","article-title":"Hybrid Desalination Processes for Beneficial Use of Reverse Osmosis Brine: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"454","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.05.008","article-title":"A Review of Heterogeneous Nucleation of Calcium Carbonate and Control Strategies for Scale Formation in Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Plants","volume":"442","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119389","article-title":"Freeze Desalination: Current Research Development and Future Prospects","volume":"229","author":"Janajreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.10.023","article-title":"Technology for Freeze Concentration in the Desalination Industry","volume":"356","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1179\/2051645214Y.0000000014","article-title":"High Efficient Seawater Freezing Desalination Technology by Utilizing Cold Energy of LNG","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"IDA J. Desalin. Water Reuse"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.05.193","article-title":"Technical and Economic Evaluation of Seawater Freezing Desalination Using Liquefied Natural Gas","volume":"181","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.063","article-title":"Introducing a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Production of Power and Fresh Water Using Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors and LNG Cold Energy Recovery","volume":"148","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13559","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c04585","article-title":"Conceptual Design of a Sustainable Hybrid Desalination Process Using Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2022.115595","article-title":"Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis and Optimization of Freeze Desalination Utilizing Cold Energy of LNG Leaving a Power Generation Cycle","volume":"527","author":"Salakhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125983","article-title":"A Novel Water Freezing Desalination Plant Integrated into a Combined Gas Power Cycle Plant","volume":"263","author":"Kiwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-022-1597-6","article-title":"Construction and Optimization of Liquefied Natural Gas Regasification Cold Energy Comprehensive Utilization System on Floating Storage Regasification Unit","volume":"31","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"127","article-title":"An Innovative Polygeneration System Integrating Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Multi-Effect Desalination for Efficient LNG Cold Energy Utilization","volume":"94","author":"Alirahmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120888","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Novel Geothermal\u2013Based Multigeneration System Using LNG Cold Energy\u2013Integration of Kalina Cycle, Stirling Engine, Desalination Unit and Magnetic Refrigeration System","volume":"231","author":"Ansarinasab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114703","article-title":"Conceptual Design and Economic Analysis of a Novel Cogeneration Desalination Process Using LNG Based on Clathrate Hydrate","volume":"498","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2017.04.035","article-title":"Retrospective and Future Perspective of Natural Gas Liquefaction and Optimization Technologies Contributing to Efficient LNG Supply: A Review","volume":"45","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2022.102260","article-title":"Research Progress on CO2 Capture and Utilization Technology","volume":"66","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.08.110","article-title":"Cold Energy Utilization of Liquefied Natural Gas for Capturing Carbon Dioxide in the Flue Gas from the Magnesite Processing Industry","volume":"105","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.243","article-title":"Mitigation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Using Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy in Small Scale Power Generation Systems","volume":"200","author":"Kanbur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.115963","article-title":"A Novel Combined System for LNG Cold Energy Utilization to Capture Carbon Dioxide in the Flue Gas from the Magnesite Processing Industry","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112512","article-title":"Hybrid Solar Liquefied Natural Gas, Post Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture and Liquefaction","volume":"207","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140980","article-title":"Novel Cryogenic Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Process Using LNG Cold Energy in a Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant","volume":"456","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c06265","article-title":"Process Integration of an Autothermal Reforming Hydrogen Production System with Cryogenic Air Separation and Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106374","article-title":"Process Integration, Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Novel Integrated System for Cogeneration of Liquid Ammonia and Power Using Liquefied Natural Gas Regasification, CO2 Capture Unit and Solar Dish Collectors","volume":"9","author":"Moradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.11.077","article-title":"Thermoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of the Small Scale Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide Capture System from Liquefied Natural Gas","volume":"181","author":"Kanbur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.116587","article-title":"Novel Process Design for Waste Energy Recovery of LNG Power Plants for CO2 Capture and Storage","volume":"277","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.026","article-title":"Thermodynamic Assessment of an Integrated Biomass and Coal Co-Gasification, Cryogenic Air Separation Unit with Power Generation Cycles Based on LNG Vaporization","volume":"157","author":"Esfilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113725","article-title":"Optimal Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Cold Energy Utilization in an Allam Cycle Power Plant with Carbon Capture and Storage","volume":"228","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.01.009","article-title":"Air-Conditioning for Sleeping Environments in Tropics and\/or Sub-Tropics-A Review","volume":"51","author":"Dongmei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.037","article-title":"A Review on Efficient Thermal Management of Air- and Liquid-Cooled Data Centers: From Chip to the Cooling System","volume":"205","author":"Halgamuge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.130280","article-title":"Cooling Technologies for Data Centres and Telecommunication Base Stations\u2013A Comprehensive Review","volume":"334","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sermsuk, M., Sukjai, Y., Wiboonrat, M., and Kiatkittipong, K. (2021). Utilising Cold Energy from Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to Reduce the Electricity Cost of Data Centres. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14196269"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124397","article-title":"Feasibility Study of a Combined System of Electricity Generation and Cooling from Liquefied Natural Gas to Reduce the Electricity Cost of Data Centres","volume":"254","author":"Sermsuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114783","article-title":"Regasification of Liquefied Natural Gas in Satellite Terminals: Techno-Economic Potential of Cold Recovery for Boosting the Efficiency of Refrigerated Facilities","volume":"248","author":"Bruno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.029","article-title":"Review of Thermal Cycles Exploiting the Exergy of Liquefied Natural Gas in the Regasification Process","volume":"38","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.041","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Liquid Air Energy Storage System Based on the Utilization of LNG Cold Energy","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119308","article-title":"Liquid Air Energy Storage Coupled with Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy: Focus on Efficiency, Energy Capacity, and Flexibility","volume":"216","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.11.066","article-title":"An Integrated Design of LNG Cold Energy Recovery for Supply Demand Balance Using Energy Storage Devices","volume":"183","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"}],"container-title":["Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/2\/517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:28:27Z","timestamp":1760120907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/2\/517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pr11020517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11020517","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}}}