{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:51:11Z","timestamp":1783104671874,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Digitization","award":["PN 23.06.01.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN 23.06.01.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for sustainable packaging materials has driven the exploration of biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics. This study investigates the thermal and mechanical properties of starch-based films plasticized with varying concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol. Cornstarch films were prepared with glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers in different ratios, and their physical characteristics, including swelling index, water solubility, and thermal stability, were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing. The results indicate that the incorporation of plasticizers significantly influenced the films\u2019 properties. Films with higher glycerol content exhibited greater flexibility and solubility, while sorbitol-plasticized films showed enhanced thermal stability. The combination of both plasticizers yielded films with balanced properties suitable for food packaging applications. This study demonstrates the potential of glycerol and sorbitol as effective plasticizers in developing biodegradable starch-based films, offering a promising alternative to conventional plastic packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12092021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1726746706000},"page":"2021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Influence of Plasticizers Concentration on Thermal, Mechanical, and Physicochemical Properties on Starch Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elena-Emilia","family":"Sirbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry\u2014ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin","family":"Dinita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"T\u0103nase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra-Ileana","family":"Portoac\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Bondarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina-Emanuela","family":"Enascuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry\u2014ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Calin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01456-4","article-title":"Conversion of Poplar Biomass into High-Energy Density Tricyclic Sesquiterpene Jet Fuel Blendstocks","volume":"19","author":"Geiselman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Xu, X., Fang, Y., Yan, S., Cui, B., and Abd El-Aty, A.M. (2022). Effect of Different Ratios of Glycerol and Erythritol on Properties of Corn Starch-Based Films. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.882682"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109430","article-title":"Engineering Biodegradable Controlled Gelatin-Zein Bilayer Film with Improved Mechanical Strength and Flexibility","volume":"148","author":"Easdani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirpan, A., Ainani, A.F., and Djalal, M. (2023). A Review on Biopolymer-Based Biodegradable Film for Food Packaging: Trends over the Last Decade and Future Research. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132781"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.05.014","article-title":"Recycling of Plastic Waste: Presence of Phthalates in Plastics from Households and Industry","volume":"54","author":"Pivnenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.08.008","article-title":"Bisphenol A and Human Health: A Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Rochester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0053","article-title":"Plastics, the Environment and Human Health: Current Consensus and Future Trends","volume":"364","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0311","article-title":"Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"364","author":"Hopewell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2009-7","article-title":"Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Physical Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch for Food Packaging","volume":"53","author":"Sanyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.05.037","article-title":"Effect of Type and Content of Binary Polyol Mixtures on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Starch-Based Edible Films","volume":"71","author":"Talja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.17221\/41\/2017-CJFS","article-title":"Effect of Glycerol on the Physicochemical Properties of Cereal Starch Films","volume":"36","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basiak, E., Lenart, A., and Debeaufort, F. (2018). How Glycerol and Water Contents Affect the Structural and Functional Properties of Starch-Based Edible Films. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10040412"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarique, J., Sapuan, S.M., and Khalina, A. (2021). Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer Loading on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties of Arrowroot (Maranta azrundinacea) Starch Biopolymers. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93094-y"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres, B., Robles-Garc\u00eda, M.\u00c1., Guti\u00e9rrez-Lomel\u00ed, M., Padilla-Frausto, J.J., Navarro-Villarruel, C.L., Del-Toro-S\u00e1nchez, C.L., Rodr\u00edguez-F\u00e9lix, F., Barrera-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Reyna-Villela, M.Z., and Avila-Novoa, M.G. (2021). Combination of Sorbitol and Glycerol, as Plasticizers, and Oxidized Starch Improves the Physicochemical Characteristics of Films for Food Preservation. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193356"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32956","article-title":"Comparison of Sorbitol and Glycerol as Plasticizers for Thermoplastic Starch in TPS\/PLA Blends","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.137","article-title":"Study of the Behavior of Biodegradable Starch\/Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Rosin Blends","volume":"202","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.026","article-title":"Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Starch Films from Andean Crops","volume":"48","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.09.020","article-title":"Starch Content Affects Physicochemical Properties of Corn and Cassava Starch-Based Films","volume":"109","author":"Luchese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46564","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46564","article-title":"Impact of the Starch Source on the Physicochemical Properties and Biodegradability of Different Starch-Based Films","volume":"135","author":"Luchese","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.2(6).110","article-title":"Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Starch Films Reinforced with Microcellulose Fibres","volume":"2","author":"Nordin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.190","article-title":"Starch-Based Films: Major Factors Affecting Their Properties","volume":"132","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.056","article-title":"Effects of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Microparticles on Morphological, Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties in Thermoplastic Potato Starch Films","volume":"194","author":"Malmir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.09.036","article-title":"Establishing Whether the Structural Feature Controlling the Mechanical Properties of Starch Films Is Molecular or Crystalline","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domene-L\u00f3pez, D., Garc\u00eda-Quesada, J.C., Martin-Gullon, I., and Montalb\u00e1n, M.G. (2019). Influence of Starch Composition and Molecular Weight on Physicochemical Properties of Biodegradable Films. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071084"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wang, L., Li, H., Chi, Y., Zhang, H., Xia, N., Ma, Y., Jiang, L., and Zhang, X. (2021). Changes in Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Edible Films Stored at Different Temperatures: Studies on Water and Glycerol Migration. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081797"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.03.020","article-title":"Time-Dependent Evolution of Properties of Fish Gelatin Edible Films Enriched with Carvacrol during Storage","volume":"94","author":"Neira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191777","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191777","article-title":"Effect of Storage Condition on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Corn\u2013Wheat Starch\/Zein Edible Bilayer Films","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2015.01.008","article-title":"Properties and Ageing Behaviour of Pea Starch Films as Affected by Blend with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)","volume":"48","author":"Cano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.031","article-title":"Effects of Controlled Storage on Thermal, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Plasticized Films from Different Starch Sources","volume":"75","author":"Mali","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4314\/njbas.v30i2.16","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Thermoplastic Cassava and Sweet Potato Starches","volume":"30","author":"Usman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Niger. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012099","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1349\/1\/012099","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic Form Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Mangosteen Peel Using Glycerol as Plasticizer","volume":"1349","author":"Muhammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.20543\/mkkp.v35i1.4874","article-title":"Biodegradable Plastics from Linier Low-Density Polyethylene and Polysaccharide: The Influence of Polysaccharide and Acetic Acid","volume":"35","author":"Nurhajati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maj. Kulit Karet Plast."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"31","article-title":"A Preliminary Investigation of Cassava Starch Potentials As Natural Polymer In Bioplastic Production","volume":"02","author":"Mojibayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Interdiscip. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121260","article-title":"A Review of Starch Swelling Behavior: Its Mechanism, Determination Methods, Influencing Factors, and Influence on Food Quality","volume":"321","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2019.1618324","article-title":"Physical, Thermal, Morphological, and Tensile Properties of Cornstarch-Based Films as Affected by Different Plasticizers","volume":"22","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting (Standard No. ASTM D882-18)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Metric); Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 08.01, Plastics-General Test Method; American Society for Testing and Materials (Standard No. ASTM International 638-14)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2019). Plastics\u2013Determination of Tensile Properties, Part. 1 General Principles (Standard No. ISO 527-1)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03040801","article-title":"Raman and Infrared Spectra of Starch Samples of Sweet Potato and Cassava","volume":"102","author":"Santha","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121297","article-title":"Effects of Polyols with Different Hydroxyl Numbers on the Structure and Properties of Starch Straws","volume":"321","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"446","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Enset Starch ES) Based Films: Plasticized by Glycerol and Sorbitol","volume":"41","author":"Awol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, J.C. (2003). Environmental Effects on Crack Growth in Polymers. Comprehensive Structural Integrity, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822944-6.00154-7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100179","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202100179","article-title":"Effect of Plasticizers on the Properties of Potato Flour Films","volume":"74","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Starch St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2020.06.002","article-title":"Effect of Glycerol and Sorbitol Concentrations on Mechanical, Optical, and Barrier Properties of Sweet Potato Starch Film","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.105884","article-title":"Effects of Glycerol and Thymol on Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Corn Starch Films","volume":"106","author":"Nordin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.093","article-title":"Effect of Different Polyol-Based Plasticizers on Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol:Starch Blends","volume":"136","author":"Ilberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.03.010","article-title":"Soy Protein\u2014Poly (Lactic Acid) Bilayer Films as Biodegradable Material for Active Food Packaging","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111820","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Starch Films Prepared by Extrusion Blowing: The Synergistic Plasticizing Effect of Water and Glycerol","volume":"148","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(00)00237-5","article-title":"Plasticizer Effect on Mechanical Properties of \u03b2-Lactoglobulin Films","volume":"50","author":"Sothornvit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/jtxs.12007","article-title":"Effect of Glycerol on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wheat Starch Edible Films","volume":"44","author":"Farahnaky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Texture Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A.A.B.A., Hasan, Z., Omran, A.A.B., Elfaghi, A.M., Khattak, M.A., Ilyas, R.A., and Sapuan, S.M. (2022). Effect of Various Plasticizers in Different Concentrations on Physical, Thermal, Mechanical, and Structural Properties of Wheat Starch-Based Films. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010063"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012049","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/223\/1\/012049","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties of Sugar Palm Starch Film: Effect of Concentration and Plasticizer Type","volume":"223","author":"Prasetyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X. (2022). Effect of Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Bilayer Edible Films Based on Iron Yam\u2013Pea Starch Blend and Corn Zein. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12101524"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100556","article-title":"Heat-Sealing Property of Cassava Starch Film Plasticized with Glycerol and Sorbitol","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazrol, M.D., Sapuan, S.M., Zainudin, E.S., Zuhri, M.Y.M., and Abdul Wahab, N.I. (2021). Corn Starch (Zea Mays) Biopolymer Plastic Reaction in Combination with Sorbitol and Glycerol. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020242"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/star.200300249","article-title":"Effect of Plasticizers on Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rice Starch Film","volume":"56","author":"Laohakunjit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Starch St\u00e4rke"}],"container-title":["Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/12\/9\/2021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:59:49Z","timestamp":1760111989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/12\/9\/2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pr12092021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr12092021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]}}}