{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:28:17Z","timestamp":1791487697913,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Fund (NRF) grant of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND)","award":["TETF\/ES\/DR&D-CE\/NRF2021\/SETI\/HSW\/00171\/VOL.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETF\/ES\/DR&D-CE\/NRF2021\/SETI\/HSW\/00171\/VOL.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proteomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Snake envenomation is a major public health issue in Nigeria, primarily due to bites from Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis, and Bitis arietans. Understanding their venom composition is essential for effective antivenom development. This study characterizes and compares the venom proteomes of these snakes using iTRAQ-based proteomics, focusing on key toxin families and their relative abundances. Methods: Venom samples were ethically collected from adult snakes, pooled by species, lyophilized, and stored for proteomic analysis. Proteins were extracted, digested with trypsin, and labeled with iTRAQ. Peptides were analyzed via mass spectrometry, and data were processed using Mascot and IQuant for protein identification and quantification. Results:\u00a0E. ocellatus and B. arietans venoms had similar profiles, rich in C-type lectins, serine proteases, and phospholipase A2s. These comprised 17%, 11%, and 5% in E. ocellatus and 47%, 10%, and 7% in B. arietans, with metalloproteinases dominating both (53% and 47%). In N. nigricollis, three-finger toxins (9%) were most abundant, followed by metalloproteinases (3%). All species shared four core protein families, with N. nigricollis also containing four uncharacterized proteins. Conclusions: This study highlights venom compositional differences, advancing snake venom biology and informing targeted antivenom development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes13030031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1751522493000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Label-Based Proteomics of Venoms from Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis, and Bitis arietans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdulbaki Alfa-Ibrahim","family":"Adio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6830-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Odo","family":"Uko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiddah Muhammad","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Malami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafiu","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina Jega Yusuf","family":"Jega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilyaminu","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8986-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Bashir","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasimu Ghandi","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murtala Bello","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdussamad Muhammad","family":"Abdussamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero University, Kano P.M.B. 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujtaba Sulaiman","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1045, Nigeria"},{"name":"Venom, Antivenom & Natural Toxins Research Centre, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1045, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha Umar","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2346, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Snakebites in the Americas: A Neglected Problem in Public Health","volume":"11","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. 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