{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T16:19:11Z","timestamp":1765815551580,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Africa Research Excellence Fund","award":["AREF-312-EZE-F-C0953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AREF-312-EZE-F-C0953"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proteomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rabies is among the oldest known zoonotic viral diseases and is caused by members of the Lyssavirus genus. The prototype species, Lyssavirus rabies, effectively evades the host immune response, allowing the infection to progress unnoticed until the onset of clinical signs. At this stage, the disease is irreversible and invariably fatal, with definitive diagnosis possible only post-mortem. Given the advances in modern proteomics, this study aimed to identify potential protein biomarkers for antemortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs, which are the principal reservoir hosts of the rabies virus. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-one samples (brain tissues (BT), cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and serum (SR) samples) were collected from apparently healthy dogs brought for slaughter for human consumption in South-East and North-Central Nigeria. All the BT were subjected to a direct fluorescent antibody test to confirm the presence of lyssavirus antigen, and 8.7% (n = 20) were positive. Protein extraction, quantification, reduction, and alkylation were followed by on-bead (HILIC) cleanup and tryptic digestion. The resulting peptides from each sample were injected into the Evosep One LC system, coupled to the timsTOF HT MS, using the standard dia-PASEF short gradient data acquisition method. Data was processed using SpectronautTM (v19). An unpaired t-test was performed to compare identified protein groups (proteins and their isoforms) between the rabies-infected and uninfected BT, CSF, and SR samples. Results: The study yielded 54 significantly differentially abundant proteins for the BT group, 299 for the CSF group, and 280 for the SR group. Forty-five overlapping differentially abundant proteins were identified between CSF and SR, one between BT and CSF, and two between BT and SR; none were found that overlapped all three groups. Within the BT group, 33 proteins showed increased abundance, while 21 showed decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. In the CSF group, 159 proteins had increased abundance and 140 had decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. For the SR group, 215 proteins showed increased abundance, and 65 showed decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that pathways associated with CSF, spinocerebellar ataxia, and neurodegeneration were among the significant findings. Conclusion: This study identified canonical proteins in CSF and SR that serve as candidate biomarkers for rabies infection, offering insights into neuronal dysfunction and potential tools for early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes13040066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:52:59Z","timestamp":1765813979000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteome Profiling of Rabies-Infected and Uninfected Dog Brain Tissues, Cerebrospinal Fluids and Serum Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ukamaka U.","family":"Eze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7844-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rethabile","family":"Mokoena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Production, Chemicals, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth I.","family":"Ogbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Research Institute, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, P.M.B. 05, Vom 930001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinegugu","family":"Dubazana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Production, Chemicals, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest C.","family":"Ngoepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mparamoto","family":"Munangatire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romanus C.","family":"Ezeokonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boniface M.","family":"Anene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6745-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindisiwe G.","family":"Buthelezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Production, Chemicals, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude T.","family":"Sabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62707-5","article-title":"Current Status of Rabies and Prospects for Elimination","volume":"384","author":"Fooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03164-y","article-title":"Rabies Is Still a Fatal But Neglected Disease: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Amoako","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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