{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:04:43Z","timestamp":1793851483111,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proteomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a hematological disorder commonly found in individuals of any gender, race, or age. Patients with ITP will present with thrombocytopenia either in a primary form or because of an infection or a dysfunction in the immune system. The severity of ITP is linked to diminished production of platelets due to the blockage of production in the bone marrow niche and increased destruction of platelets, which confirms the diagnosis of the disorder. The investigation of the pathogenesis of ITP is of critical importance as it can give an important indication of the state of the patient, guiding us through risk assessment and treatment. Proteomics can provide tools to explore the protein profile of ITP. In this review, we aimed to uncover different biomarkers, both diagnostic and prognostic, that have been investigated with proteomic methodologies and that might help in understanding the pathogenesis of ITP and providing personalized treatment to patients. Several differentially abundant proteins were identified, including haptoglobin isoforms, heat shock proteins (HSPA6, HSPA8), integrin \u03b23 (ITGB3), 14-3-3 protein eta (YWHAH), vitamin D-binding protein, fibrinogen chains, MYH9, and FETUB, which are involved in key signaling pathways, such as PI3K\/akt, TNF-a, and mTOR, and they demonstrate potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Collectively, current data support the value of proteomics for uncovering the molecular landscape of ITP and guiding the development of precision diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes14010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proteomic Analysis in Search of New Biomarkers of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)\u2014A Review of Current Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6168-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Boura-Theodorou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI\u2013AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Psatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI\u2013AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology\u2014Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5550-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Maniatsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI\u2013AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4844-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areti","family":"Kourti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Kaiafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Propedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Aivaliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI\u2013AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Makedou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zufferey, A., Kapur, R., and Semple, J.W. (2017). Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Mechanisms in Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP). J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6020016"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Q., Lin, B., Wang, H., Zhan, W., and Chen, P. (2021). The Efficacy of High-Dose Dexamethasone vs. Other Treatments for Newly Diagnosed Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.656792"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2016.1219497","article-title":"Advances in the Pathophysiology of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"22","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000812","article-title":"Updated International Consensus Report on the Investigation and Management of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"3","author":"Provan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pietras, N.M., Gupta, N., Vaillant, A.A.J., and Pearson-Shaver, A.L. (2024). Immune Thrombocytopenia. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mititelu, A., Onis\u00e2i, M.C., Ro\u0219ca, A., and Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu, A.M. (2024). Current Understanding of Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Review of Pathogenesis and Treatment Options. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042163"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104096","article-title":"CD4+ T Cell Phenotypes in the Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"351","author":"Kostic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-754119","article-title":"Clinical Updates in Adult Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"129","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2024.101222","article-title":"Immune Thrombocytopenia: Pathophysiology and Impacts of Romiplostim Treatment","volume":"67","author":"Semple","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Zhu, H., Xu, W., Zhang, R., Wang, Y., Tian, Z., and Yuan, Y. (2023). Predicting the Efficacy of Glucocorticoids in Pediatric Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Using Plasma Proteomics. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1301227"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59651-7","article-title":"IgG-Fc Glycosylation before and after Rituximab Treatment in Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M., Zhang, Z., Zhou, L., Han, C., Huang, C., and Nice, E.C. (2021). Proteomics, Personalized Medicine and Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112512"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.W., Jo, H.S., Bae, S., Seo, Y., Song, P., Song, M., and Yoon, J.H. (2021). Application of Proteomics in Cancer: Recent Trends and Approaches for Biomarkers Discovery. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.747333"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-208","article-title":"Proteomics-Based Identification of Haptoglobin as a Favourable Serum Biomarker for Predicting Long-Term Response to Splenectomy in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.01.028","article-title":"Platelet Proteomics in Diagnostic Differentiation of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Using SELDI-TOF-MS","volume":"455","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02310-5","article-title":"Significant Reductions in Apoptosis-Related Proteins (HSPA6, HSPA8, ITGB3, YWHAH, and PRDX6) Are Involved in Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02249-4","article-title":"Quantitative LC\u2013MS\/MS Uncovers the Regulatory Role of Autophagy in Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9573863","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9573863","article-title":"Proteomic-Based Discovery of Predictive Biomarkers for Drug Therapy Response and Personalized Medicine in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"2023","author":"Gilanchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-023-09413-0","article-title":"Identification of ORM1, VWF, SPARC, and PPBP as Immune-Related Proteins Involved in Immune Thrombocytopenia by Quantitative LC-MS\/MS","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19730","article-title":"Study on Diagnostic-Sensitive Markers of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Children Based on Plasma Proteomics","volume":"205","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19760","article-title":"Targeted Proteomics Profiling Reveals Valuable Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Primary Immune Thrombocytopaenia","volume":"206","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412378","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412378","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Lectin Pathway and Resistin-MIF-AA Metabolism Axis Drive Immune Dysfunction in Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swinkels, M., Rijkers, M., Voorberg, J., Vidarsson, G., Leebeek, F.W.G., and Jansen, A.J.G. (2018). Emerging Concepts in Immune Thrombocytopenia. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00880"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8737","article-title":"Desialylation Is a Mechanism of Fc-Independent Platelet Clearance and a Therapeutic Target in Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000891","article-title":"Cellular Immune Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia","volume":"31","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103677","article-title":"Autoimmune Effector Mechanisms Associated with a Defective Immunosuppressive Axis in Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, D., Yin, W., Guan, F., Zeng, W., Lee, P., Candotti, F., James, L.K., Saraiva Camara, N.O., Haeryfar, S.M.M., and Chen, Y. (2022). B Cell-T Cell Interplay in Immune Regulation: A Focus on Follicular Regulatory T and Regulatory B Cell Functions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.991840"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Luo, L., Zheng, Y., Zheng, Q., Zhang, N., Gan, D., Yirga, S.K., Lin, Z., Shi, Q., and Fu, L. (2022). Association of Platelet Desialylation and Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells in Patients With Thrombocytopenia. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.810620"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, Z., Qadeer, M.I., Zahid, K., Cherepkova, E.V., and Olzhayev, S.T. (2024). Immune Thrombocytopenia: Immune Dysregulation and Genetic Perturbations Deciphering the Fate of Platelets. Front. Biosci., 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2910342"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.11.005","article-title":"Deciphering Lymphoma Pathogenesis via State-of-the-Art Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics","volume":"1047","author":"Psatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavridou, D., Psatha, K., and Aivaliotis, M. (2024). Integrative Analysis of Multi-Omics Data to Identify Deregulated Molecular Pathways and Druggable Targets in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14080831"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourti, M., Aivaliotis, M., and Hatzipantelis, E. (2023). Proteomics in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Challenges and Opportunities. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172748"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74021-8_4","article-title":"Origins and Evolution of Cotranslational Transport to the ER","volume":"607","author":"Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.07.006","article-title":"The Benefits of Cotranslational Assembly: A Structural Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boura-Theodorou, A., Psatha, K., Maniatsi, S., Kourti, A., Kaiafa, G., Aivaliotis, M., and Makedou, K. (2025). Oxidative Stress and Its Role in the Emergence and Progression of Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Insights from Proteomic Analysis and Other Methodologies. Proteomes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes13020021"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.1c00099","article-title":"Novel Strategies to Address the Challenges in Top-Down Proteomics","volume":"32","author":"Melby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1097","article-title":"Decoding Protein Modifications Using Top-down Mass Spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"Siuti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00318-2","article-title":"Top-down Proteomics","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodland, B., Necakov, A., and Coorssen, J.R. (2023). Optimized Proteome Reduction for Integrative Top\u2013Down Proteomics. Proteomes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes11010010"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coorssen, J.R., and Padula, M.P. (2024). Proteomics\u2014The State of the Field: The Definition and Analysis of Proteomes Should Be Based in Reality, Not Convenience. Proteomes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes12020014"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3003533","article-title":"Protein Analysis by Shotgun\/Bottom-up Proteomics","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, V.A., and Lee, H. (2023). Bottom-Up Proteomics: Advancements in Sample Preparation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065350"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210600903010074","article-title":"Applications of Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption\/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (SELDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry in Defining Salivary Proteomic Profiles","volume":"3","author":"Bencharit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.2004.494032020331","article-title":"An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Applications in Biological Research","volume":"32","author":"Finehout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5317","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5317","article-title":"Nano-LC: An Updated Review","volume":"36","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."}],"container-title":["Proteomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7382\/14\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:25:49Z","timestamp":1773311149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7382\/14\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["proteomes14010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/proteomes14010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}