{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:28:08Z","timestamp":1785432488719,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID 2021-127766OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2021-127766OB-I00"]}]},{"award":["PID 2021-127766OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2021-127766OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proteomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acetification is a complex process driven by acetic acid bacteria (AAB), in which high ethanol and acidity levels require strong microbial metabolic adaptation. Although the microbiota involved in vinegar production has been described, the functional mechanisms that enable these bacteria to maintain metabolic activity remain poorly understood. In this study, the functional dynamics of AAB during Verdejo vinegar acetification were analyzed using a quantitative metaproteomic approach. Methods: Acetification was performed in submerged culture under semi-continuous conditions, and samples were collected at four stages of the cycle (S1\u2013S4). Results: LC-MS\/MS analysis led to the identification of 1626 proteins, of which 1409 were assigned to the Acetobacteraceae family. Komagataeibacter europaeus was the dominant species (73.7%). Hierarchical clustering revealed four protein abundance patterns, and differential analysis identified 350 proteins with increased abundance and 169 with decreased abundance, with the greatest changes observed between S1 and S4. Functional annotation and protein\u2013protein interaction analyses indicated that the main metabolic adaptations involve pathways related to energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, membrane-associated functions, cellular homeostasis, and acid stress response. Conclusions: Overall, the results show that K. europaeus concentrates most of the metabolic activity during acetification and that proteome reorganization reflects key molecular strategies for adaptation and survival under high-acidity conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes14020027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T14:12:54Z","timestamp":1779286374000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Metaproteomic Characterization of Acetic Acid Bacteria Reveals Functional Dynamics During Verdejo Wine Acetification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0709-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Campos-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Area, Marie Curie Building (C3), Instituto Qu\u00edmico para la Energ\u00eda y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9315-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Severo Ochoa Building (C6), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Carbonero-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Severo Ochoa Building (C6), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Severo Ochoa Building (C6), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9337-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Consuegra-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Climate Change (Adaptia), Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2746-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Severo Ochoa Building (C6), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidoro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Area, Marie Curie Building (C3), Instituto Qu\u00edmico para la Energ\u00eda y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1357-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s M.","family":"Santos-Due\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Area, Marie Curie Building (C3), Instituto Qu\u00edmico para la Energ\u00eda y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mauricio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, Microbiology Area, Severo Ochoa Building (C6), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra. N-IV-A, Km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, K., Li, W., Xu, Q., Hong, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, B., Wu, Y., Zuo, H., Liu, J., and Yan, Z. (2023). Exploring the Correlation of Metabolites Changes and Microbial Succession in Solid-State Fermentation of Sichuan Sun-Dried Vinegar. 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