{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:56:39Z","timestamp":1788857799728,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is characterized by complex visual hallucinations in individuals with acute vision loss, typically affecting older adults. Most CBS cases are observed in patients with sudden severe visual impairment; however, there are limited reports of CBS occurring in individuals with mild visual deterioration, particularly when confounded by sensory deprivation and social isolation. Here, we report a case of CBS in a female in her early 80s, who experienced vivid visual hallucinations during a period of prolonged social isolation following a hip surgery. Although symptomatology initially presented as delirium and psychosis, the diagnosis of CBS was confirmed after a neuropsychiatric evaluation and ophthalmologic exam, which showed mild deterioration in the patient\u2019s macular degeneration, combined with a social history of reduced independence and increased isolation. The case highlights the lesser-known role of sudden lifestyle changes and reduced cognitive engagement in CBS development in cases of mild visual impairment. It also suggests that cognitive and social stimulation may play a crucial role in CBS management, which has limited reports in the current literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports7030065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:34:17Z","timestamp":1722591257000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social Isolation as a Precipitating Factor for Charles Bonnet Syndrome in a Patient with Mild Visual Deterioration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0357-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shriya Prakash","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeezar","family":"Shipchandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Director, Hospital Medicine, Baylor Scott and White, Plano, TX 75093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX 76508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090049","article-title":"Cases: Charles Bonnet syndrome: Visual loss and hallucinations","volume":"181","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2012.7.12891","article-title":"Visual hallucinations: Charles bonnet syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Jan","year":"2012","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"240","article-title":"A Case Report on Charles Bonnet Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Maruzairi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.36518\/2689-0216.1303","article-title":"A Case Report and Review: Charles Bonnet Syndrome Plus With Dementia","volume":"3","author":"Kompella","year":"2022","journal-title":"HCA Healthc. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100036","article-title":"Out of sight, am I losing my mind? A case report on Visual ReleHallucinations\u2014Charles Bonnet Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Kelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214000763","article-title":"Charles Bonnet syndrome and cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Russell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e12922","article-title":"Charles Bonnet Syndrome as Another Cause of Visual Hallucinations","volume":"13","author":"Voit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25158414211034715","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414211034715","article-title":"An overview of psychological and social factors in Charles Bonnet syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichert, D.P., Seri\u00e8s, P., and Storkey, A.J. (2013). Charles Bonnet syndrome: Evidence for a generative model in the cortex?. PLoS Comput. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003134"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000670","article-title":"Exacerbation of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome due to the social implications of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00414-9","article-title":"Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: The Charles Bonnet Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Menon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199405000-00004","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in patients from an ophthalmology clinic and medical clinic population","volume":"182","author":"Holroyd","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2008.04959.x","article-title":"Social isolation in older adults: An evolutionary concept analysis","volume":"65","author":"Nicholson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1552","article-title":"Charles Bonnet syndrome-elderly people and visual hallucinations","volume":"26","author":"Jacob","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106075275","article-title":"Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Successful treatment of visual hallucinations due to vision loss with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90172-4","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations)","volume":"35","author":"Teunisse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.1999.tb00326.x","article-title":"Visual phenomena and headache in occipital epilepsy: A review, a systematic study and differentiation from migraine","volume":"1","author":"Panayiotopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.444","article-title":"Spontaneous visual phenomena with visual loss: 104 patients with lesions of retinal and neural afferent pathways","volume":"40","author":"Lepore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550120077019","article-title":"Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease","volume":"53","author":"Ortoll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750070078011","article-title":"Clinical significance of hallucinations in psychiatric disorders. A study of 116 hallucinatory patients","volume":"24","author":"Goodwin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599697","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: A review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00114.x","article-title":"Misleading hallucinations in unrecognized narcolepsy","volume":"108","author":"Szucs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/7\/3\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:28:38Z","timestamp":1760110118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/7\/3\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["reports7030065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/reports7030065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-841X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-841X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]}}}