{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1785173182059,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Lophomonas is a multiflagellate anaerobic protozoan that usually inhabits the intestines of insects, mainly cockroaches. However, bronchopulmonary infections caused by this parasite have been increasingly reported worldwide in recent decades. We provide important information for the diagnosis of this disease, which often goes undetected and frequently leads to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment. It is noteworthy that this is the third case reported in Mexico. Case Presentation: A 37-year-old male patient was hospitalized several times for pneumonia with a persistent granuloma in the right bronchial lobe. After extensive testing, the patient was diagnosed with bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis and successfully treated with metronidazole. Conclusions: Clinicians worldwide should be aware of the existence of lophomoniasis, especially in low-income regions with poor sanitation and high insect exposure. This parasitic infection, although rare, may be underestimated due to its nonspecific respiratory symptoms, which may mimic other infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports7040102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1732017487000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnosis and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Lophomoniasis in a Patient with Persistent Granuloma: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mier-Brise\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Morelia Medical Clinic, Morelia 58260, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elo\u00edsa","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Alan\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analisys Laboratory, Sanatorio La Luz, Morelia 58260, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Armando","family":"Benavides-Huerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology and Cytopathology \u201cDr. Miguel Benavides\u201d, Morelia 58260, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7730-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Alejandro","family":"Lagunas-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00845-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00845-23","article-title":"Lophomonas as a respiratory pathogen\u2014Jumping the gun","volume":"62","author":"Mewara","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155845","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3155845","article-title":"Global Status of Emerging Lophomonas Infection: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases (1993\u20132020)","volume":"2022","author":"Nakhaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.059311-0","article-title":"Lophomonas blattarum and bronchopulmonary disease","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-284","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis: Emerging disease or unsubstantiated legend?","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742164","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2742164","article-title":"High Occurrence of Emerged Lophomonas Infection among Patients Suspected of Having Pulmonary Tuberculosis: In-House PCR-Based Evidence","volume":"2022","author":"Kalani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Lophomonas blattarum infection in 26 patients with bacterial pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00729-3","article-title":"Seyedpour, First Molecular Evidence of Emerging Lophomonas Pathogen Among Patients Suspected of Having Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran","volume":"69","author":"Veisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"omac064","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omac064","article-title":"Lophomonas and Mycobacterium co-infection: The first molecular evidence to overcome potential diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"2022","author":"Taheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxf. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00468-3","article-title":"First Co-morbidity of Lophomonas blattarum and COVID-19 Infections: Confirmed Using Molecular Approach","volume":"67","author":"Nakhaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2022.12.003","article-title":"A co-infection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Lophomonas blattarum causing pneumonia in a patient with adenocarcinoma of lung","volume":"41","author":"Thakkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahkar, L., Lashkarbolouk, N., Bigdeli, N., and Mazandarani, M. (2024). Coinfection of pulmonary lophomoniasis, tuberculosis, and hydatid cyst in a pediatric autism patient: A case report and literature review. 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Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08907-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00084-2","article-title":"First Molecular Diagnosis of Lophomoniasis: The End of a Controversial Story","volume":"64","author":"Fakhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2614187","article-title":"First Case Report of Sinusitis with Lophomonas blattarum from Iran","volume":"2016","author":"Berenji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/7\/4\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:35:23Z","timestamp":1760114123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/7\/4\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["reports7040102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/reports7040102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-841X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-841X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]}}}