{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:09:21Z","timestamp":1773796161984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["T35 EY033704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35 EY033704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing neuroendocrine cell neoplasms that typically affect the gastrointestinal tract. While metastasis may occur, it most commonly occurs in the liver, and orbital metastasis is extremely rare, especially while on systemic somatostatin suppression. Case Presentation: A 57-year-old man with a history of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor treated with lanreotide for 5 years presented with a left proptotic, red eye and double vision for several months. Clinical examination revealed left proptosis, supraduction deficit, lower lid retraction, and dilated episcleral vessels inferiorly. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 1.8 cm enhancing lesion centered within the left inferior rectus muscle. Left orbitotomy and biopsy were performed, which confirmed metastatic carcinoid tumor. He will undergo localized orbital radiation and substitution of lanreotide with systemic chemotherapy. Conclusions: Orbital metastasis of carcinoid tumor is extremely uncommon. Given its rarity, diagnosis may be challenging. In patients presenting with ocular complaints including chronic red eye, double vision, proptosis, and mass effect with a prior history of neuroendocrine cancer, a high index of suspicion for orbital metastasis is necessary with timely workup and treatment even if the disease has been otherwise well-controlled with somatostatin analogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports8030158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T07:43:16Z","timestamp":1756366996000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rare Orbital Metastasis of Carcinoid Tumor Despite Long-Term Somatostatin Therapy: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hritika","family":"Hosalkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9013-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Meller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahia Dib El","family":"Jalbout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa K.","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally L.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Don O.","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860310010547","article-title":"Carcinoid\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"42","author":"Schnirer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5402-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Small Intestine Carcinoid Tumors: A US Population-Based Study 2012\u20132017","volume":"64","author":"Mansoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105","article-title":"A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors","volume":"97","author":"Modlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009221124305","article-title":"Metastatic neuroendocrine tumor masquerading as orbital cysticercosis","volume":"36","author":"Wirth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2021.1895845","article-title":"Clinico-radiological findings of neuroendocrine tumour metastases to the orbit","volume":"41","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2019.1576739","article-title":"Pseudocystic appearance of an orbital carcinoid metastasis","volume":"39","author":"Halliday","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.202236","article-title":"Image Findings of a Rare Case of Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastatic to Orbital Extraocular Muscle in Gallium-68 DOTANOC Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography and Therapy with Lutetium-177 DOTATATE","volume":"32","author":"Kamaleshwaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000112","article-title":"Renal Carcinoid Tumor Metastatic to the Uvea, Medial Rectus Muscle, and the Contralateral Lacrimal Gland","volume":"31","author":"Kiratli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.91268","article-title":"A case series of neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor metastasis to the orbit","volume":"4","author":"Turaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000061","article-title":"Primary renal carcinoid metastatic to the orbit","volume":"31","author":"Parikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v5.i8.177","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumor metastatic to the orbit treated with radiotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Peixoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.0032","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"19","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001715","article-title":"Carcinoid Tumors of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa","volume":"37","author":"Mustak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.236091","article-title":"64Cu-DOTATATE PET\/CT for Imaging Patients with Known or Suspected Somatostatin Receptor-Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors: Results of the First U.S. Prospective, Reader-Masked Clinical Trial","volume":"61","author":"Delpassand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155219839458","article-title":"Lanreotide vs octreotide LAR for patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: An observational time and motion analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reccia, I., Pai, M., Kumar, J., Spalding, D., and Frilling, A. (2023). Tumour Heterogeneity and the Consequent Practical Challenges in the Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061861"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massironi, S., Albertelli, M., Hasballa, I., Paravani, P., Ferone, D., Faggiano, A., and Danese, S. (2025). \u201cCold\u201d Somatostatin Analogs in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Decoding Mechanisms, Overcoming Resistance, and Shaping the Future of Therapy. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040245"}],"container-title":["Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/8\/3\/158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:09Z","timestamp":1760034849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-841X\/8\/3\/158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["reports8030158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/reports8030158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-841X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-841X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}